6. Muscles and Joints Flashcards
Five functions of muscles?
- motion
- movement of body fluids (heart pumps blood)
- regulation of body fluids (kidneys)
- body stability (posture)
- head production (85% of body heat from muscles)
Explain how body produces heat
85% of body’s heat comes from muscles
ex. when you’re cold - body shivers - produces heat
Three muscle types?
- skeletal
- smooth/visceral
- cardiac
Skeletal muscle
attach to the bones of the skeleton
striated (has stripes)
peripherally located nuclei (nucleus located at edge of cell)
voluntary muscle - operate under conscious control
Smooth/Visceral muscle
found in walls of hollow organs and tubes ex. stomach, intestines, blood vessels no striations involuntary muscle centrally located nuclei
Cardiac muscle
heart muscle form the walls of the heart striated intercalated disks (only in cardiac) centrally located nuclei involuntary
Eight ways muscles are named
- function
- shape
- relative position
- location
- size of attachment
- origin and insertion
- size
- orientation of fibers
Muscles named for Function
extensor (extend)
flexor (flex)
adductor
pronator
Muscles named for Shape
trapezius (trapezoid) rhomboideus (rhomboid) deltoid (delta-shaped/triangular) biceps (two heads) triceps (three heads)
Muscles named for Relative Position
external, internal, abdominal, medial, lateral
vastas laterals - toward side
Muscles named for Location
intercostal (between the ribs)
pectoralis (chest)
pectoralis major = chest muscles
Muscles named for Size of Attachment
temporalis (temporal bone)
zygomaticus (zygomatic bone)
Muscles named for Origin and Insertion
sternohyoid (origin = sternum; insertion = hyoid)
sternocleidomastoid (origin=sternum and clavicle; insertion=mastoid process)
Muscles named for Size
maximus (largest or largest) minimus (smaller or smallest) brevis (short) longus (long) ex. gluteus maximus: big muscles on butt
Muscles named for Orientation of Fibers
oblique (diagonal) - abs
rectus (straight) - 6 pack
transverse (across)
Arthralgia
pain in joints
Atrophy
wasting away
without development
don’t use it = lose it
Contraction
reduction in size, especially in muscle fibers
at microscopic level
two ends of a cell are pulled together, reducing in size
toned muscles are in a state of contraction at all times
Contracture
abnormal bending of a join in a fixed position
usually caused by atrophy and shortening muscle fibers
ex. Dupuytren’s contracture - hand’s in fixed position
Fascia
thin sheets of fibrous connective tissue
penetrate and cover entire muscle
Tendon
connective tissue
attaches muscles to bone
(achilles tendon = calf muscle to heel)
Ligament
connective tissue
attaches bone to bone
Insertion
point of muscle attachment to a bone that it moves
more moveable side of muscle/bone
Origin
point of muscle attachment to a bone that is less moveable
the more fixed end of an attachment
Subluxation
partial dislocation
(vertebral sublix - pop joints back in place)
causes pain in the area
Sprain
tearing injury to ligaments
when ligament hurt, stretched, or torn
ex. sprain ankle, ligaments in ankle torn from twisting
Strain
tearing injury to muscle
or attachment of tendon
muscles pulled apart (muscle pull)
from over-stretching, overextension, or misuse
Involuntary muscle
muscles that act without conscious control
controlled by autonomic nervous system and hormones
ex. heart pumping blood
Voluntary muscles
muscles that operate under conscious control
those that are responsible for movement of the face, eyes, tongue, and pharynx
skeletal muscles
Synovial fluid
thick, lubricating fluid in synovial joint
helps with movement of joints
found inside joint cavity
lubricates the area around the joint where friction is most likely to occur
ex. knee or elbow
Bursa
sac that hold synovial fluid
buritis - tennis elbow - becomes inflamed
Olecranon process
elbow
IM
intramuscular
DIP
Distal Interphalangeal Joint
under fingertips
furthest joint from body
PIP
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint
ex. knuckles
DTR
Deep Tendon Reflexes
doctor checks with mallet under knee, foot kicks out
EMG
Electromyography
testing electrical activity of muscles
Striated muscle
muscles that have a striped appearance when viewed under microscope
ex. skeletal and cardiac
sed rate
sedimentary rate
how fast red blood cells settle at bottom of test tube
*all lab tests are usually abbreviations
Flexion
a bending motion
decreases the angle between two joints/bones
ex. ankle up toward hip joint
ex. hold arm out bring fist toward shoulder, decreasing angle between wrist and shoulder
Extension
straightening motion
increases the angle between two joints/bones
extend arm and move wrist away from shoulder
Adduction
adding to the midline
movement of bone toward midline of body
ex. moving legs together
ex. arms out parallel to floor, drop arms down
Abduction
moving away from midline
movement of bone away from midline of body
ex. moving legs apart
tip: kid abducted away from family
Supination
turning the palm up or forward
similar to supine position - face up
tip: holding a cup of soup in palm of hand
Pronation
turning the palm down or backward
similar to prone position - face down
Dorsiflexion
food decreases the angle between the leg and the top of the foot
bending the foot backward, or upward, at the ankle
flexing foot, bringing toes toward leg
Plantar flexion
foot increases the angle between the leg and the top of the foot
bending foot downward, at the ankle, as in ballet dancing
pointing toes down
Ankylosing spondylitis
arthritis affecting the vertebral column causing deformities to the spine causes kyphosis (humpback) arthritis of vertebrae
Muscular dystrophy (MD)
weakness of degeneration of muscle without nerve degeneration
genetic disorder
nerves are okay
muscles weaken, muscle atrophy
Bunion (hallux valgus)
abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great/big toe
often occurs as a result of arthritis or chronic irritation and pressure from wearing ill-fitting shoes
big toe curves in toward second toe; hump at side
bunionectomy - surgery to remove
Ganglion
cystic tumor on a tendon usually on the back of the wrist filled with jelly-like substance sometimes comes and goes usually painless needle aspiration - take fluid out with needle
Gout
form of acute arthritis
inflammation of first metatarsal joint of great toe
hereditary disease
large amounts of uric acid builds up in blood and synovial fluid of joints
stay away from red meat (increases uric acid)
usually located on toe
Herniated nucleus pulposus
herniated disk/slipped disk/ruptured disk
intervertebral disk sips
rupture of the central portion, nucleus, of the disk through the disk wall and into the spinal canal
Lyme disease
acute
recurrent inflammatory infection
transmitted through the bite of an infected deer tick
red itchy rash with circular center (bulls eye)
treated with antibiotics - can’t get rid of it
sore joints, joint pain, fatigue, muscle pain, headaches are symptoms
Rheumatoid arthritis
chronic
systemic (throughout body) inflammatory joint disease
mainly small peripheral joints (hands/feet)
cause pain and deformity of hands
woman affected 2-3x more than men
Plantar fasciitis
inflamed fascia on the plantar (bottom) side of foot
painful heel
treatment - rest, evaluation of shoes and actives and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflamattory drugs)
comes and goes
Arthrocentesis
puncture of a joint with a needle to extract fluid for analysis
on knee sometimes
Arthroplasty
surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint
TKA = total knee arthroplasty
THR = total hip replacement
Rheumatoid factor
blood test
measures the unusual antibodies that develop in a number of connective tissue diseases
check to see if someone has arthritis
ex. rheumatoid arthritis
Sed rate
blood test that measures the rate at which RBCs (red blood cells) settle in the bottom of a test tube filled with unclotted blood
more elevated the sed rate = more severe inflammation
