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HIT 140 > 6. Muscles and Joints > Flashcards

6. Muscles and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Five functions of muscles?

A
  1. motion
  2. movement of body fluids (heart pumps blood)
  3. regulation of body fluids (kidneys)
  4. body stability (posture)
  5. head production (85% of body heat from muscles)
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2
Q

Explain how body produces heat

A

85% of body’s heat comes from muscles

ex. when you’re cold - body shivers - produces heat

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3
Q

Three muscle types?

A
  1. skeletal
  2. smooth/visceral
  3. cardiac
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4
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

attach to the bones of the skeleton
striated (has stripes)
peripherally located nuclei (nucleus located at edge of cell)
voluntary muscle - operate under conscious control

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5
Q

Smooth/Visceral muscle

A 
found in walls of hollow organs and tubes
ex. stomach, intestines, blood vessels
no striations
involuntary muscle 
centrally located nuclei
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6
Q

Cardiac muscle

A 
heart muscle
form the walls of the heart
striated
intercalated disks (only in cardiac)
centrally located nuclei
involuntary
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7
Q

Eight ways muscles are named

A
  1. function
  2. shape
  3. relative position
  4. location
  5. size of attachment
  6. origin and insertion
  7. size
  8. orientation of fibers
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8
Q

Muscles named for Function

A

extensor (extend)
flexor (flex)
adductor
pronator

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9
Q

Muscles named for Shape

A 
trapezius (trapezoid)
rhomboideus (rhomboid)
deltoid (delta-shaped/triangular)
biceps (two heads)
triceps (three heads)
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10
Q

Muscles named for Relative Position

A

external, internal, abdominal, medial, lateral

vastas laterals - toward side

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11
Q

Muscles named for Location

A

intercostal (between the ribs)
pectoralis (chest)
pectoralis major = chest muscles

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12
Q

Muscles named for Size of Attachment

A

temporalis (temporal bone)

zygomaticus (zygomatic bone)

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13
Q

Muscles named for Origin and Insertion

A

sternohyoid (origin = sternum; insertion = hyoid)

sternocleidomastoid (origin=sternum and clavicle; insertion=mastoid process)

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14
Q

Muscles named for Size

A 
maximus (largest or largest)
minimus (smaller or smallest)
brevis (short)
longus (long)
ex. gluteus maximus: big muscles on butt
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15
Q

Muscles named for Orientation of Fibers

A

oblique (diagonal) - abs
rectus (straight) - 6 pack
transverse (across)

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16
Q

Arthralgia

A

pain in joints

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17
Q

Atrophy

A

wasting away
without development
don’t use it = lose it

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18
Q

Contraction

A

reduction in size, especially in muscle fibers
at microscopic level
two ends of a cell are pulled together, reducing in size
toned muscles are in a state of contraction at all times

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19
Q

Contracture

A

abnormal bending of a join in a fixed position
usually caused by atrophy and shortening muscle fibers
ex. Dupuytren’s contracture - hand’s in fixed position

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20
Q

Fascia

A

thin sheets of fibrous connective tissue

penetrate and cover entire muscle

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21
Q

Tendon

A

connective tissue
attaches muscles to bone
(achilles tendon = calf muscle to heel)

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22
Q

Ligament

A

connective tissue

attaches bone to bone

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23
Q

Insertion

A

point of muscle attachment to a bone that it moves

more moveable side of muscle/bone

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24
Q

Origin

A

point of muscle attachment to a bone that is less moveable

the more fixed end of an attachment

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25
Q

Subluxation

A

partial dislocation
(vertebral sublix - pop joints back in place)
causes pain in the area

26
Q

Sprain

A

tearing injury to ligaments
when ligament hurt, stretched, or torn
ex. sprain ankle, ligaments in ankle torn from twisting

27
Q

Strain

A

tearing injury to muscle
or attachment of tendon
muscles pulled apart (muscle pull)
from over-stretching, overextension, or misuse

28
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

muscles that act without conscious control
controlled by autonomic nervous system and hormones
ex. heart pumping blood

29
Q

Voluntary muscles

A

muscles that operate under conscious control
those that are responsible for movement of the face, eyes, tongue, and pharynx
skeletal muscles

30
Q

Synovial fluid

A

thick, lubricating fluid in synovial joint
helps with movement of joints
found inside joint cavity
lubricates the area around the joint where friction is most likely to occur
ex. knee or elbow

31
Q

Bursa

A

sac that hold synovial fluid

buritis - tennis elbow - becomes inflamed

32
Q

Olecranon process

A

elbow

33
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

34
Q

DIP

A

Distal Interphalangeal Joint
under fingertips
furthest joint from body

35
Q

PIP

A

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint

ex. knuckles

36
Q

DTR

A

Deep Tendon Reflexes

doctor checks with mallet under knee, foot kicks out

37
Q

EMG

A

Electromyography

testing electrical activity of muscles

38
Q

Striated muscle

A

muscles that have a striped appearance when viewed under microscope
ex. skeletal and cardiac

39
Q

sed rate

A

sedimentary rate
how fast red blood cells settle at bottom of test tube
*all lab tests are usually abbreviations

40
Q

Flexion

A

a bending motion
decreases the angle between two joints/bones
ex. ankle up toward hip joint
ex. hold arm out bring fist toward shoulder, decreasing angle between wrist and shoulder

41
Q

Extension

A

straightening motion
increases the angle between two joints/bones
extend arm and move wrist away from shoulder

42
Q

Adduction

A

adding to the midline
movement of bone toward midline of body
ex. moving legs together
ex. arms out parallel to floor, drop arms down

43
Q

Abduction

A

moving away from midline
movement of bone away from midline of body
ex. moving legs apart
tip: kid abducted away from family

44
Q

Supination

A

turning the palm up or forward
similar to supine position - face up
tip: holding a cup of soup in palm of hand

45
Q

Pronation

A

turning the palm down or backward

similar to prone position - face down

46
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

food decreases the angle between the leg and the top of the foot
bending the foot backward, or upward, at the ankle
flexing foot, bringing toes toward leg

47
Q

Plantar flexion

A

foot increases the angle between the leg and the top of the foot
bending foot downward, at the ankle, as in ballet dancing
pointing toes down

48
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A 
arthritis affecting the vertebral column causing deformities to the spine
causes kyphosis (humpback)
arthritis of vertebrae
49
Q

Muscular dystrophy (MD)

A

weakness of degeneration of muscle without nerve degeneration
genetic disorder
nerves are okay
muscles weaken, muscle atrophy

50
Q

Bunion (hallux valgus)

A

abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great/big toe
often occurs as a result of arthritis or chronic irritation and pressure from wearing ill-fitting shoes
big toe curves in toward second toe; hump at side
bunionectomy - surgery to remove

51
Q

Ganglion

A 
cystic tumor on a tendon
usually on the back of the wrist
filled with jelly-like substance
sometimes comes and goes
usually painless
needle aspiration - take fluid out with needle
52
Q

Gout

A

form of acute arthritis
inflammation of first metatarsal joint of great toe
hereditary disease
large amounts of uric acid builds up in blood and synovial fluid of joints
stay away from red meat (increases uric acid)
usually located on toe

53
Q

Herniated nucleus pulposus

A

herniated disk/slipped disk/ruptured disk
intervertebral disk sips
rupture of the central portion, nucleus, of the disk through the disk wall and into the spinal canal

54
Q

Lyme disease

A

acute
recurrent inflammatory infection
transmitted through the bite of an infected deer tick
red itchy rash with circular center (bulls eye)
treated with antibiotics - can’t get rid of it
sore joints, joint pain, fatigue, muscle pain, headaches are symptoms

55
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic
systemic (throughout body) inflammatory joint disease
mainly small peripheral joints (hands/feet)
cause pain and deformity of hands
woman affected 2-3x more than men

56
Q

Plantar fasciitis

A

inflamed fascia on the plantar (bottom) side of foot
painful heel
treatment - rest, evaluation of shoes and actives and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflamattory drugs)
comes and goes

57
Q

Arthrocentesis

A

puncture of a joint with a needle to extract fluid for analysis
on knee sometimes

58
Q

Arthroplasty

A

surgical reconstruction or replacement of a joint
TKA = total knee arthroplasty
THR = total hip replacement

59
Q

Rheumatoid factor

A

blood test
measures the unusual antibodies that develop in a number of connective tissue diseases
check to see if someone has arthritis
ex. rheumatoid arthritis

60
Q

Sed rate

A

blood test that measures the rate at which RBCs (red blood cells) settle in the bottom of a test tube filled with unclotted blood
more elevated the sed rate = more severe inflammation

HIT 140 (12 decks)

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