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HIT 140 > 7. Nervuos System > Flashcards

7. Nervuos System Flashcards

0
Q

neurologist

A

physician who specializes in treating diseases/disorders of the nervous system

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1
Q

neurology

A

study of nervous system and it’s disorders

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2
Q

neurosurgery

A

any surgery involving the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves

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3
Q

neurosurgeon

A

physician who specializes in surgery of the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves

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4
Q

2 divisions of nervous system

A

1) central nervous system (CNS)

2) peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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5
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A
  • central part of body
  • brain and spinal cord
  • processing and storying sensory and motor information
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6
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • cranial and spinal NERVES that come off spinal cord
  • part of nervous system outside the CNS
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
  • somatic and automatic nervous system part of PNS
  • responsible for transmitting sensory and motor impulses back and forth between CNS and rest of body
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7
Q

3 kinds of nerves

A

1) afferent
2) interneurons
3) efferent

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8
Q

afferent nerves

A
  • sensory nerves
  • carry impulses from body to CNS
  • ex. touch something hot - afferent nerves send signal to efferent nerves to move hand
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9
Q

efferent nerves

A
  • motor nerves
  • carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands causing target organs to do something in response to the commands recieved
  • ex. tell muscles to remove hand from hot surface
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10
Q

2 systems PNS is broken down into

A

1) somatic nervous system

2) autonomic nervous system

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11
Q

somatic nervous system

A
  • part of PNS
  • voluntary
  • controls skeletal muscles
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12
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • part of PNS
  • involuntary
  • controls smooth/visceral muscles and glands and cardiac muscle in response to command from CNS
  • contain sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves
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13
Q

sympathetic nerves

A
  • part of autonomic system
  • regulate essential involuntary body functions
  • increases heart rate and blood pressure
  • responds to “fight-or-flight response”
  • ex. in car crash body fills with adrenaline
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14
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A
  • part of autonomic nervous system
  • regulate essential involuntary body functions
  • lower heart rate and lower blood pressure
  • serves as a complement to SNS
  • return body to a more restful (normal) state
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15
Q

2 main types of nerves in tissue cells

A

1) neurons

2) neuroglia

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16
Q

neuroglia

A
  • special type of connective tissue
  • provides support for nervous system and neurons
  • do not conduct implulses
  • protect nervous system through phagocytosis
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17
Q

phagocytosis

A
  • engulf and digest any unwanted substances

* a function of neuroglia

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18
Q

neurons

A
  • nerves
  • functional unit of the nervous system
  • contains cell body, axon, and 1+ dendrites
  • not continuous with one another; small space between axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron
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19
Q

3 basic parts of neurons

A

1) cell body
2) axon
3) one or more dendrites

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20
Q

cell body

A

structure that contains nucleus and cytoplasm

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21
Q

axon

A
  • single, slender projection that extends from cell body

* conduct impulses away from cell body

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22
Q

dendrite

A
  • brings in impulses
  • feelers
  • projection that extends from nerve cell body
  • receives impulses and conducts them on to the cell body
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23
Q

myelin sheath

A
  • covering of some neurons
  • helps speed the transmission of an impulse
  • protection sheath that covers the axons of many neurons in the body
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24
Q

white matter

A
  • axons covered by myelin sheath

* myelinated axons

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25
Q

gray matter

A

axons not covered by myelin sheath

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26
Q

synapse

A
  • the space between 2 neurons
  • where impulses cross
  • synaptic cleft
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27
Q

neurotransmitters

A
  • chemicals released from one neuron through the synapse to another
  • chemical substance that activates or inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses at synapses
  • excitatory and inhibitory
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28
Q

2 examples of neurotransmitters

A

1) excitatory

2) inhibitory

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29
Q

excitatory

A
  • excites nervous system

* ex. caffeine, cocaine

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30
Q

inhibitory

A
  • inhibits nervous system

* ex. anesthesia, alcohol

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31
Q

4 types of neuroglia

A

1) astrocytes
2) microglia
3) ependymal cells
4) oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

astrocytes

A 
– type of neuroglia
• most numerous
• star-shaped with long legs
• only in CNS
• around brains capillaries and form a tight sheath called blood-brain barrier
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33
Q

blood-brain barrier

A
  • tight sheath made of astrocytes and wall of capillaries

* protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood

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34
Q

microglia

A
  • type of neuroglia
  • branches extending from cell body; lots of legs
  • digest debris and pathogens (garbagemen)
  • multiply when cells injured and go to damaged areas
  • small interstitial cells with many slender branches off body
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35
Q

ependymal cells

A
  • lines cavities (ventricles) in the brain and spinal cord
  • surrounds cerebrospinal fluid
  • spaces in brain and spinal cord where you find cerebrospinal fluid
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36
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • the fluid flowing through the brain and around the spinal cord
  • protects brain/spinal cord from physical blow or impact
  • surrounded by ependymal cells
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37
Q

oligodendrocytes

A
  • covers axons to form myelin sheath
  • speeds the conduction of nerve impulses in CNS
  • found in intertitial nervous
  • processes of oligodendrocytes fan out from cell body and coil around the axons of some neurons to form myelin sheath
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38
Q

3 meninges

A

• 3 layers of protective membranes that cover the CNS

1) pia mater
2) arachnoid membrane
3) dura mater

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39
Q

pia mater

A
  • innermost layer of meninges
  • tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
  • tender
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40
Q

arachnoid membrane

A
  • middle layer of meninges
  • resembles spider web
  • where you find subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal fluid is found
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41
Q

subarachnoid space

A
  • located under the arachnoid membrane

* holds cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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42
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A
  • found in subarachnoid space
  • cusions/protects brain and spinal cord
  • shock absorber
  • provides protection and nutrients
  • flows in and around the organs of the CNS
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43
Q

dura mater

A
  • outermost layer of meninges
  • tough, white connective tissue
  • thicker, stronger
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44
Q

brain

A
  • one of the largest organ in adults (3 lbs)
  • brain grows rapidly in first 9 yrs; reaching full size at 18 yrs
  • 4 major divisions: cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brain stem
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45
Q

4 parts of the brain

A

1) cerebrum
2) cerebellum
3) diencephalon
4) brain stem

46
Q

cerebrum

A
  • largest part of the brain
  • contains gyri and sulci
  • uppermost portion of brain
  • controls concisouslness, memory, senstation, emotions, and voluntary muscles
47
Q

gyri (gyrus - singular)

A
  • elevations/hills on surface of cerebrum

* gives the appearance of encased sausage folded upon itself many times

48
Q

sulci (sulcus-singular)

A

• grooves/valleys on the cerebrum

49
Q

cerebellum

A
  • behind the brain stem; attached
  • creates balance
  • looks like walnut
  • maintains muscle tone and coordinating normal movement and balance
50
Q

brain stem

A
  • connects brain to spinal cord
  • consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblangata
  • serves as a pathway for conduction of impulses between brain and spinal cord
51
Q

spinal cord

A
  • pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain

* protected by the CSF, 3 layers of meninges, and the bony encasement of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae

52
Q

acetylcholine

A
  • neurotransmitter
  • (ACH = common)
  • chemical substance that helps the transmission of nerve impuses from one nerve to another
  • it has a stimulant/excitatory or depressant/inhibiting effect on parts of the body
53
Q

anasthesia

A

without feeling/sensation

54
Q

aneurysm

A
  • weakening and dilation of the wall of an artery
  • walls ballon and might rupture
  • rupture = death
  • commonly found in abdominal aortic aneurism (AAA) - top of heart and down to abdomen
55
Q

aphasia

A
  • inability to communicate
  • due to injury or disease of the brain
  • inability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs
  • may be cause by stroke or cerebral hemorrhag
56
Q

aphasia/asphagia

A
  • ’s’ = nervous system; speaking

* ‘g’ = digesting system; swallowing

57
Q

astrocytoma

A
  • tumor of brain or spinal cord

* made of astrocytes

58
Q

ataxia

A
  • without muscle coordination
  • drunk = ataxic gait
  • due to neurological damage; damage of spinal cord or spinal cord nerve
59
Q

bradykinesia

A

abnormally slow movement

60
Q

Brudzinski’s sign

A
  • positive sign of meningitis
  • involuntary flexion of the arm, hip, and knee, when the patient’s neck is passively flexed
  • the patient lays down and lifts head –> shoulders/knees flex
61
Q

burr hole

A
  • holes drilled into skull using drill

* relieve pressure or drain fluids due to inter-cranial swelling

62
Q

cauda equina

A
  • lower end of spinal cord and roots of the spinal nerves
  • looks like a horse’s tail
  • nerves come off spinal cord
63
Q

cephalalgia

A

headache

64
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A
  • abnormal breathing pattern
  • apnea followed by deep rapid breathing
  • person is getting ready to die
65
Q

dementia

A

progressive, irreversible deteriorating memory

66
Q

deficit

A
  • any deficiency or variation of the normal

* ex. neurological deficit - cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

67
Q

diplopia

A

double vision

68
Q

dysphasia

A

difficult speech

69
Q

embolism

A
  • blood clot (embolus) becomes lodged in a blood vessel
  • obstructs flow of blood
  • pulmonary embolism = blood clot in lower leg travels to lung; blood flow to lungs blocked; death
70
Q

gait

A

style of walking

71
Q

hemiparesis

A
  • slight or partial paralysis of one half of the body (L or R sides)
  • slight paralyis, tingling, numbness
72
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one half of the body (L or R sides)

73
Q

Kerning’s sign

A
  • positive sign of meningitis
  • inability to extend leg completely when leg is at right angle to body when person is sitting/laying down
  • patient lays down, knee up, doctor tries to extend leg = pain = meningitis
74
Q

lethargy

A

a state of being sluggish

75
Q

lethargic

A

sluggish/tired

76
Q

narcolepsy

A
  • uncontrolled, sudden attacks of sleep

* take meds to control

77
Q

nuchal rigidity

A
  • stiff neck

* seen in patients with meningitis

78
Q

neuritis

A

inflammation of nerve

79
Q

occlusion

A

blockage

80
Q

palliative

A
  • soothing
  • docs can’t do anything to cure; just reduce symptoms
  • ex. palliative chemotherapy - can’t prevent patient from dying from cancer; just reduce symptoms and pain
81
Q

parasthesia

A
  • numbness or tingling

* ex. carpal tunnel; may be in fingers due to nerve damage

82
Q

radiculectomy/rhizotomy

A

surgical resection/removal of a spinal nerve root to relieve pain

83
Q

sciatica

A
  • inflammation of the sciatic nerve

* pain along course of nerve, radiating through the thigh and down the back of the leg

84
Q

shunt

A
  • tube to redirect fluid
  • redirect body fluid from one cavity/vessel to another
  • VP shunt - from ventricle to brain to abdominal cavity to drain CSF
85
Q

thrombosis

A
  • clot develops in blood vessel
  • DVT - deep vein thrombosis - clot deep in veins of the legs
  • life threatening if it becomes embolysim
86
Q

ventricle

A

hollow space in brain filled with CSF

87
Q

Bell’s palsy

A
  • temporary or permanent paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face
  • can’t control muscles
  • may come and go
  • due to face trauma, unknown infection, or a tumor pressing on facial nerves
  • symptoms = drooling, can’t close eye, can’t regulate syliva
  • treatment = nmassage, warm/moist heat, facial exercises
88
Q

carpal tunnel syndrom

A
  • pinching/compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel
  • due to inflammation of the tendons
  • caused by repetitious overuse of the fingers, hands and wrists
  • surgery - cut tendon/ligament to remove pressure on nerves
  • good posture helps prevent this
89
Q

2 carpal tunnel tests

A

1) Tinel’s sign

2) Phalen’s test

90
Q

Tinel’s sign

A

• carpal tunnel test
* doc will tap along forearm wrist over the median nerve
• positive test = patient experiences pain, tingling, or numbness over wrist and or in median nerve

91
Q

Phalen’s test

A
  • carpal tunnel test
  • raise arms and put backside of hands together so fingers point toward floor
  • causes wrists to fully flex and may compress median nerve and reproduce symptoms
  • position is held for 60 seconds
  • Phalen’s test may be more specific for carpal tunnel diagnosis than Tinel’s
92
Q

cerebral palsy (CP)

A
  • congenital (at birth) brain damage
  • lack of voluntary muscles
  • due to lack of oxygen at birth (baby didn’t get enough oxygen during delivery)
  • brain damage permanent but not progressive
  • baby tone may be floppy
  • symptoms: slow development, communication problems, seizures, stiffness
93
Q

degenerative disk disease (DDD)

A
  • deterioration of the intervertebral disks
  • causes lots of pain in vertrebrae
  • due to constant motion and wear of disks
94
Q

grand mal seizures

A
  • tonic-clonic seizure
  • sudden loss of consciousness (LOC)
  • involuntary muscle contraction and rigid body extension (patient convulses)
  • epileptic seizure
  • most common seizure in adults and children
95
Q

petit mal seizures

A
  • small seizures
  • loss of consciousness (LOC) last for a few seconds
  • in a daze
  • no convulsions
  • seizure often goes unnoticed by the individual
96
Q

Guillain-Barre syndrom

A
  • acute polyneuritis (inflammation of many nerves)
  • myelin sheaths in PNS are destroyed
  • usually follows viral gastrointestinal or respiratory infection
  • decreased nerve impluses; loss of reflex response, and sudden muscle weakness
97
Q

polyneuritis

A

inflammation of many nerves

98
Q

hydrocephalus

A
  • abnormal increase in CSF in ventricles
  • heads of body become swelled up
  • increased head circumference in infant with open fontanel
  • congenital (at birth) disorder
  • put in shunt to redirect CSF fluid
99
Q

meningitis

A
  • inflammation of the meninges
  • bacterial (more severe) or viral infection
  • bacteria enters meninges by way of bloodstream from infection or wound in another part of body
  • swelling of brain tissue, congestion in blood, circulation of CSF, and formation of clums
  • inter-cranial pressure
100
Q

bacterial vs. viral infections

A
  • bacterial are harder to treat; longer to recover

* viral takes body 7 days to get rid of virus

101
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A
  • degenerative inflammatory disease of the CNS attacking the myelin sheath
  • leaves sheath sclerosed (hardened) or scarred
  • autoimmune disease - body attacks itself
  • mostly women between 20-40
102
Q

myasthenia gravis

A
  • chronic progressive neuromuscular disorder causing sever muscle weakness (atrophy)
  • autoimmune - antibodies attaching ACH receptors
  • ex. droopy eye
103
Q

Babinski’s reflex

A
  • causes dorsiflexion when the sole of the foot is stroked
  • test if there’s disease of upper motor neurons
  • Babinski’s reflex reaction is normal in newborns, but abnormal in adults and children
  • normal reaction is bottom of foot is stroked and you jerk away
104
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A
  • measures electrical activity in the brain

* electrodes placed on scalp

105
Q

Rhomberg test

A
  • used to evaluate the cerebellar function and balance
  • testing balance
  • person stands with feet goether and hands at side and at equilibrium. Step 1 = close eyes –> can you maintain balance? Step 2 = life hands to shoulder height and close eyes –> can you stand without hands drifting downward? Complete both = cerebellar function intact
106
Q

lumbar puncture

A
  • use hollow needle to extract CSF
  • puncture between 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae
  • below spinal cord (which stops at L2)
  • patient lies forward or on side to open up vertebrae
  • can diagnose many disorders
107
Q

laminectomy

A
  • surgical removal of bony arches from one or more vertebrae

* to relieve pressure on spinal cord

108
Q

CT

A
  • computerized tomography

* aka CAT scan (computerized akial tomography)

109
Q

MRI

A
  • magnetic resonance imagery

* take magnet and look at bones and organs

110
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

111
Q

TENS

A
  • transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

* pain, sever back pian, electrical current to area to help relieve pain by tricking body

112
Q

TIA

A
  • transient ischemia attack
  • mini strokes
  • cardiac arteries in neck become built up

HIT 140 (12 decks)

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