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D2 Fall - Pathology Exam 1 > 9/9: Immunity I > Flashcards

9/9: Immunity I Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Protection against infections
A

a. Immunity

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2
Q
  1. Collection of cells and molecules that are responsible for defending the body against pathogens
A

a. Immune system

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3
Q
  1. Organisms that cause disease
A

a. Pathogen

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4
Q
  1. What is the goal of immunity?
A

a. Establish immunocompetency

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5
Q
  1. What is immunocompetency?
A

a. Ability of the body to produce a robust immune response following exposure to disease producing antigens

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6
Q
  1. What are the nonspecific defenses found in innate immunity?
A

a. Physical barriers
b. Chemical barriers
c. Effector cells

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7
Q
  1. What are examples of physical barriers?
A

a. Skin, mucus membrane, nasal hairs

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8
Q
  1. What are examples of chemical barriers
A

a. Skin pH, secretions, gastric acids, tears, sweat, saliva

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9
Q
  1. What are examples of effectors cells?
A

a. Macrophages
b. Neutrophils
c. NK cells

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10
Q
  1. What 2 molecular patterns are associated with innate immunity?
A

a. PAMPs
b. DAMPs

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11
Q
  1. These recognize microbial patterns through pattern recognition receptors
A

a. PAMPs

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12
Q
  1. What are the first cell types to respond to most infections?
A

a. neutrophils

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13
Q
  1. Recognize molecules released from damaged or necrotic host cells
A

a. DAMPs

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14
Q
  1. Are neutrophils short or long lived?
A

a. Short

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15
Q
  1. What do neutrophils do?
A

a. Ingest and degrade dead cells, debris, tumor cells, etc…

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16
Q
  1. Neutrophils can be activated by
A

a. macrophages

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17
Q
  1. These are thin, membranous cytoplasmic processes that present antigens to T cells
A

a. Dendritic cells

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18
Q
  1. These help shape adaptive immunity response
A

a. Dendritic cells

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19
Q
  1. Dendritic cells are also known as
A

a. Langerhan cells

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20
Q
  1. These release cytokines to activate other immune cells
A

a. Macrophages

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21
Q
  1. How do Macrophages survive?
A

a. In extravascular tissue for long periods

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22
Q
  1. Talk about macrophage survival
A

a. Can survive in extravascular tissue for long periods

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23
Q
  1. What cells can ingest and degrade dead cells?
A

a. Macrophages and neutrophils

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24
Q
  1. Can macrophages present antigens to T cells?
A

Yes

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25
Q
  1. These cells are capable of attacking and killing infected cells, induce apoptosis, and release cytokines to activate other immune cells
A

a. NK cells

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26
Q
  1. The complement system consists of what 3 pathways?
A

a. Classical pathway
b. Alternative pathway
c. Lectin pathway

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27
Q
  1. What pathway is activated by antibodies that bind to other microbes or antigens?
A

a. Classical pathway

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28
Q
  1. The classical pathway is part of what immunity?
A

a. adaptive

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29
Q
  1. What pathway is activated when complement proteins are activated on microbial surfaces?
A

a. Alternative pathway

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30
Q
  1. The alternative pathway is part of what immunity?
A

a. Innate immunity

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31
Q
  1. What pathway is activated by mannose binding lectin binds to surface glycoproteins on microbes?
A

a. Lectin pathway

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32
Q
  1. The lectin pathway is part of what immunity?
A

a. Innate immunity

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33
Q
  1. In the lectin pathway, where does the lectin bind to?
A

a. Glycoproteins

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34
Q
  1. C3a is responsible for
A

a. Inflammation

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35
Q
  1. C3b is responsible for
A

a. Opsonization and phagocytosis

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36
Q
  1. C5a is responsible for
A

a. Inflammation

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37
Q
  1. C6-9 is responsible for
A

a. Lysis of microbes

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38
Q
  1. C5a and C3b are chemoattractants for what?
A

a. Leukocytes

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39
Q
  1. What are the complement system functions?
A

a. Opsonization and phagocytosis
b. Inflammation
c. Cell lysis

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40
Q
  1. Complement activation concludes with what?
A

a. MAC

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41
Q
  1. These are soluble proteins that mediate immunity and inflammatory reactions
A

a. Cytokines

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42
Q
  1. What are cytokines responsible for?
A

a. Communication between leukocytes
b. Secreted in response to external stimuli
c. Function in autocrine and paracrine actions

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43
Q
  1. Do cytokines function in autocrine or paracrine?
A

a. Both

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44
Q
  1. What is the response to “Extracellular bacteria” in the innate immunity reaction?
A

a. Acute inflammation and complement

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45
Q
  1. What is the response to “intracellular bacteria” in the innate immunity reaction?
A

a. Eliminated by phagocytosis

46
Q
  1. What is the response to “viruses” in the innate immunity reaction?
A

a. Type 1 interferons
b. NK cells

47
Q
  1. What are the receptors of innate immunity?
A

a. Toll-like receptors
b. Nod-like receptors
c. C-type lectin receptors

48
Q
  1. These receptors recognize lipopolysaccharides, viral and bacterial RNA/DNA
A

a. Toll-like receptors

49
Q
  1. NOD-like receptors are what kind of receptors?
A

a. Cytosolic

50
Q
  1. These receptors recognize necrotic cell products, ion disturbances, microbial products
A

a. Nod-like receptors

51
Q
  1. These receptors recognize fungal polysaccharides
A

a. C-type lectin receptors

52
Q
  1. What are the primary lymphoid tissues?
A

a. Bone marrow
b. Thymus

53
Q
  1. B cells develop where?
A

a. Bone marrow

54
Q
  1. T-cells develop where?
A

a. Thymus

55
Q
  1. What are secondary lymphoid organs?
A

a. Site where adaptive immunity is initiated

56
Q
  1. This is a soft, spongy tissue in the medullary cavity of the bones
A

a. Bone marrow

57
Q
  1. T lymphocytes are red blood cells (T/F)
A

a. False, white blood cells

58
Q
  1. After maturation, what do T lymphocytes do?
A

a. Enter bloodstream and travel to secondary lymphatic sites

59
Q
  1. Thymus does what with age?
A

a. Involutes

60
Q
  1. What comprises waldeyer’s ring?
A

a. Pharyngeal tonsil
b. Tubal tonsil
c. Palatine tonsil
d. Lingual tonsil

61
Q
  1. Where do you find the most lymphocytes?
A

a. Lymph nodes

62
Q
  1. Does innate immunity have memory?
A

No

63
Q
  1. What immunity has memory?
A

a. Adaptive immunity

64
Q
  1. What immunity has clonal and non-clonal?
A

a. Innate = non clonal
b. Adaptive = clonal

65
Q
  1. This is a substance that can induce an immune response
A

a. Antigen

66
Q
  1. What kind of immunities do you have within adaptive immunity?
A

a. Humoral immunity
b. Cellular immunity

67
Q
  1. This is mediated antibodies produced by B lymphocytes
A

a. Humoral immunity

68
Q
  1. What immunity neutralizes and eliminates microbes and microbial toxins?
A

a. Humoral immunity

69
Q
  1. This is mediated by T lymphocytes
A

a. Cellular immunity

70
Q
  1. After stimulation, B lymphocytes differentiate into what?
A

a. Plasma cells

71
Q
  1. How do B-lymphocytes in humoral immunity recognize antigens?
A

a. Through membrane bound IgM

72
Q
  1. What percentage do B lymphocytes make up of peripheral lymphocyte population?
A

a. 10-20%

73
Q
  1. B-lymphocytes differentiate into what after stimulation?
A

a. Plasma cells

74
Q
  1. What are the 5 Ig classes?
A

a. A,M,E,D,G

75
Q
  1. What is the most abundant antibody?
A

a. IgG

76
Q
  1. Where is IgG found?
A

a. Blood and serum

77
Q
  1. Describe IgG
A

a. Most abundant
b. Blood and serum
c. Opsonized pathogens
d. 4 subclasses

78
Q
  1. What Ig can opsonize pathogens?
A

a. IgG

79
Q
  1. Which antibody can cross the placenta?
A

a. IgG

80
Q
  1. Where is IgA most commonly observed?
A

a. Mucous membrane secretions

81
Q
  1. When IgA is secreted, it forms what?
A

a. Dimer

82
Q
  1. Describe IgA
A

a. Found in mucous membrane secretions
b. Forms dimer
c. Neutralizes antibody

83
Q
  1. Where can you find IgA?
A

a. Tears, saliva, mucus

84
Q
  1. This is the largest antibody
A

a. IgM

85
Q
  1. This is the 1st antibody produced in response to the antigen
A

a. IgM

86
Q
  1. What is the most efficient antibody to activate complement?
A

a. IgM

87
Q
  1. This antibody functions against helminth infections
A

a. IgE

88
Q
  1. What antibody mediates allergic reactions (hypersensitivity)?
A

a. IgE

89
Q
  1. What is the least common antibody?
A

a. IgE

90
Q
  1. This antibody has a unknown function
A

a. IgD

91
Q
  1. Is IgD secreted or not?
A

a. Not

92
Q
  1. What is antibody class switching?
A

a. IgM or IgD can switch class to another antibody

93
Q
  1. Secondary exposure to antigens activate what?
A

a. Memory B cells

94
Q
  1. These are generated after primary response, to respond to antigens in the future
A

a. Memory B cells

95
Q
  1. These introduction non-pathogenic forms of microbes
A

a. Vaccination

96
Q
  1. What are the types of vaccinations?
A

a. Inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, mRNA vaccines

97
Q
  1. These are antibodies produced by the body in response to the antigen
A

a. Active immunity

98
Q
  1. These are antibodies derived from another source
A

a. Passive immunity

99
Q
  1. How do you get passive immunity?
A

a. Maternal antibodies transferred across placenta to fetus

100
Q
  1. How are antigens presented?
A

a. Via MHC

101
Q
  1. These cells help recognize between self and non-self
A

MHC

102
Q
  1. What is the human MHC?
A

a. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

103
Q
  1. MHC class I found on which cells?
A

a. All nucleated cells

104
Q
  1. MHC class II are found on which cells?
A

a. APC surface

105
Q
  1. MHC class I are recognized by
A

a. CD8 T cells

106
Q
  1. MHC class II are recognized by
A

a. CD4 T cells

107
Q
  1. What are examples of MHC class II cells?
A

a. Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

108
Q
  1. These release cytokines or activate other cells
A

a. CD4

109
Q
  1. Do you get clonal expansion in CD4 or CD8?
A

a. CD4

110
Q
  1. These release enzymes to kill infected cells
A

a. CD8

111
Q
  1. Do antigen activated T-cells differentiate into memory cells?
A

a. A small fraction

D2 Fall - Pathology Exam 1 (8 decks)

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