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D2 Fall - Pathology Exam 1 > 8/20: Cell Injury and Adaptation > Flashcards

8/20: Cell Injury and Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are the stages in the cellular response to stress and injury?
A

Normal cell → adaptation or cell injury → if cell injury than can go to necrosis or apoptosis

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2
Q
  1. What are some examples of adaptations a cell might undergo?
A

a. Hypertrophy
b. Hyperplasia
c. Atrophy
d. Metaplasia

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3
Q
  1. What adaptations happen to stress and increased demand?
A

a. Hypertrophy
b. Hyperplasia

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4
Q
  1. What kind of adaptation decreases cell strength?
A

a. Atrophy
b. Metaplasia

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5
Q
  1. This is when one cell type is replaced with another cell type
A

Metaplasia

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6
Q
  1. What are the 2 ways a cell can die?
A

a. Necrosis
b. Apoptosis

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7
Q
  1. This is an increase in the size of an organ without an increase in cell number
A

Hypertrophy

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8
Q
  1. This is an increase in the size of an organ WITH an increase in cell number
A

Hyperplasia

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9
Q
  1. Pure hypertrophy usually occurs only in
A

Skeletal and cardiac muscle

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10
Q
  1. Hyperplasias can be what 2 things
A

a. Physiological
b. Pathologic

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11
Q
  1. What are examples of physiologic hyperplasia?
A

a. Erythroid bone marrow at high altitudes
b. Cyclic enlargement of endometrium and breast during menstrual cycle
c. Regrowth of liver parenchyma after surgery

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12
Q
  1. Epithelial hyperplasia is caused by what?
A

HPV

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13
Q
  1. Can hyperplasias be combined with hypertrophy?
A

Yes

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14
Q
  1. Papilloma can be due to what?
A

Epithelial hyperplasia

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15
Q
  1. Pyogenic granuloma can be due to what?
A

Endothelial hyperplasia

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16
Q
  1. Fibroma can be due to what?
A

Fibrous hyperplasia

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17
Q
  1. Epulis fissuratum can be due to what?
A

Fibrous hyperplasia

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18
Q
  1. An inflammatory papillary hyperplasia can be due to
A

Epithelial and fibrous hyperplasia

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19
Q
  1. Sub-pontic hyperplasia can be due to
A

Osseous hyperplasia

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20
Q
  1. Exostoses can be due to
A

Osseous hyperplasia

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21
Q
  1. Is gingival enlargement a type of hyperplasia?
A

Yes

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22
Q
  1. Drug-induced gingival enlargement is due to
A

a. Procardia
b. Cyclosporin
c. Dilantin

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23
Q
  1. This is idiopathic unilateral growth of the mandibular condyle
A

Condylar hyperplasia

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24
Q
  1. What would you call a dental follicle that has a radiolucency around the crown of the tooth?
A

Pericoronal radiolucency

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25
Q
  1. This is hyperplasia of the male breast
A

Gynecomastia

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26
Q
  1. This is the reduction in size of cell, tissues, or organs
A

Atrophy

27
Q
  1. What are examples of pathologic atrophy?
A

a. Atrophy of skeletal muscles after denervation
b. Atrophy of the brain due to ischemia

28
Q
  1. What are examples of physiologic atrophy?
A

a. Atrophy of the uterus after pregnancy
b. Involution of the thymus in early adult life

29
Q
  1. Pathologic atrophy may result from?
A

a. Disues
b. Denervation
c. Lack of trophic hormones
d. Ischemia - reduction in blood supply
e. Malnutrition
f. Idiopathic

30
Q
  1. This is known as a progressive hemifacial atrophy
A

Parry romberg syndrome

31
Q
  1. In metaplasia, the cells changed are usually changed to a
A

Tougher cell type

32
Q
  1. Is metaplasia irreversible?
A

False, reversible

33
Q
  1. How can you reverse metaplasia?
A

Remove irritant

34
Q
  1. If the irritant persists, metaplasia may progress to what?
A

a. Dysplasia
b. Frank neoplasia

35
Q
  1. How do cells respond to non-lethal injury in adaptive?
A

a. Hyperplasia
b. Hypertrophy
c. Atrophy
d. Metaplasia

36
Q
  1. How do cells respond to non-lethal injury in non-adaptive?
A

a. Agenesis
b. Aplasia
c. Hypoplasia

37
Q
  1. This is the incomplete development of an organ
A

Hypoplasia

38
Q
  1. This is when the organ never reached its normal size
A

aplasia/hypoplasia

39
Q
  1. This is a mandibulo-facial dysplasia
A

Treacher collins syndrome

40
Q
  1. What happens in treacher collins syndrome?
A

aplasia/hypoplasia of the mandible

41
Q
  1. This is aplasia/hypoplasia in the oral cavity, where you don’t have full teeth forming
A

Regional odontodysplasia

42
Q
  1. This means abnormal formation
A

Dysplasia

43
Q
  1. What is an example of reversible changes?
A

Fatty changes in the liver

44
Q
  1. What are examples of irreversible changes?
A

a. Necrosis
b. Apoptosis

45
Q
  1. This is enzymatic digestion and leakage of cellular contents
A

Necrosis

46
Q
  1. This is phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and fragments
A

Apoptosis

47
Q
  1. What nuclear changes signal cell death in necrosis?
A

a. Pyknosis
b. Karyorrhexis
c. Karyolysis

48
Q
  1. This is a small, dark, and shrunken nucleus
A

Pyknosis

49
Q
  1. This is nuclear fragmentation
A

Karyorrhexis

50
Q
  1. This is dissolution of the nucleus
A

Karyolysis

51
Q
  1. This type of necrosis is seen in hypoxic injury such as myocardial infarct
A

Coagulative necrosis

52
Q
  1. This type of necrosis is seen in bacterial infections and cerebral infarct
A

Liquefactive necrosis

53
Q
  1. This type of necrosis is when necrotic tissues are converted into a cheesy mass such as tuberculosis
A

Caseous necrosis

54
Q
  1. This type of necrosis is seen in acute pancreatitis
A

Fat necrosis

55
Q
  1. Caspases are typically found in
A

Apoptosis

56
Q
  1. Does apoptosis elicit an inflammatory reaction?
A

No

57
Q
  1. What are physiologic examples of apoptosis?
A

a. Programmed cell destruction during embryogenesis
b. Hormone-dependent stuff
c. Deletion of self-reactive lymphocytes
d. Cell death by T-cells

58
Q
  1. What are pathologic examples of apoptosis?
A

a. DNA repair mechanism cannot cope with damage
b. Cell death in viral infections
c. In organs after obstruction
d. Cell death in tumors

59
Q
  1. What is the difference between pathologic and physiologic?
A

a. Physiologic = bodies own problems
b. Pathologic = something not inherent to body causes problems

60
Q
  1. What are examples of exogenous pigments?
A

a. Carbon
b. Tattooing

61
Q
  1. What are examples of endogenous pigments?
A

a. Lipofuscin
b. Melanin
c. Hemosiderin
d. Bilirubin

62
Q
  1. This is the abnormal deposition of calcium salt in tissues
A

Pathologic calcification

63
Q
  1. This occurs in nonviable or dying tissues in the presence of normal serum calcium levels
A

Dystrophic calcification

64
Q
  1. This occurs in viable tissues and is associated with hypercalcemia
A

Metastatic calcification

D2 Fall - Pathology Exam 1 (8 decks)

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