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ANP 1106 > 9, 10, 11 > Flashcards

9, 10, 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the system responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine?

A

The urinary system.

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

A

The kidneys filter blood and remove waste products, excess water, and electrolytes to produce urine.

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3
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidneys?

A

The nephron.

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4
Q

What is the name of the process by which substances move from the blood in the glomerulus into the nephron?

A

Filtration.

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5
Q

What is the name of the process by which substances move from the nephron back into the blood?

A

Reabsorption.

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6
Q

What is the name of the process by which substances move from the blood into the nephron after filtration and reabsorption?

A

Secretion.

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7
Q

What is the name of the hormone that regulates the amount of water reabsorbed by the kidneys?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

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8
Q

What is the name of the hormone that regulates the amount of sodium and potassium reabsorbed by the kidneys?

A

Aldosterone.

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9
Q

What is the name of the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder?

A

The ureter.

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10
Q

What is the name of the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body?

A

The urethra.

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11
Q

What is the name of the muscular sac that stores urine?

A

The urinary bladder.

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12
Q

What is the name of the muscle that controls the release of urine from the bladder?

A

The urinary sphincter.

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13
Q

What is the process by which urine is expelled from the body?

A

Micturition or urination.

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14
Q

What is the name of the nerve that stimulates the urinary bladder to contract and the urinary sphincter to relax during urination?

A

The pelvic nerve.

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15
Q

What are the three regions of the male urethra?

A

What are the three regions of the male urethra?

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16
Q

What is the name of the gland that produces a fluid that is added to semen during ejaculation?

A

The prostate gland.

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17
Q

What is the name of the gland that produces a fluid that neutralizes the acidity of the male urethra?

A

The bulbourethral gland.

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18
Q

What are the three regions of the female urethra?

A

The internal urethral orifice, the urethral canal, and the external urethral orifice.

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19
Q

What is the name of the muscle that supports the pelvic organs and helps control urination and defecation?

A

The pelvic floor muscles or levator ani muscles.

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20
Q

What is the name of the medical procedure used to visualize the urinary system?

A

A cystoscopy.

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21
Q

What is the name of the process by which air moves in and out of the lungs?

A

Pulmonary ventilation or breathing.

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22
Q

What are the two primary muscles of respiration?

A

The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles.

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23
Q

What is the name of the muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

The diaphragm.

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24
Q

During inhalation, does the diaphragm contract or relax?

A

The diaphragm contracts and moves downward.

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25
During exhalation, does the diaphragm contract or relax?
The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.
26
What is the name of the muscle group located between the ribs that aids in inhalation?
The external intercostal muscles.
27
What is the name of the muscle group located between the ribs that aids in exhalation?
The internal intercostal muscles.
28
What is the name of the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and the blood?
External respiration.
29
What is the name of the process by which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and the body's cells?
Internal respiration.
30
What is the name of the respiratory structure that contains the vocal cords?
The larynx or voice box.
31
What is the name of the airway that leads from the larynx to the bronchi?
The trachea or windpipe.
32
What is the name of the tube that connects the trachea to the middle ear and helps equalize pressure?
The eustachian tube.
33
What is the name of the respiratory structure that filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air?
The nasal cavity.
34
What is the name of the respiratory structure that transports air between the pharynx and the trachea?
The larynx.
35
What is the name of the cartilage that forms the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx?
The thyroid cartilage or Adam's apple
36
What is the name of the cartilage that forms the posterior wall of the larynx?
The cricoid cartilage.
37
What is the name of the respiratory structure that prevents food and drink from entering the trachea?
The epiglottis.
38
What is the name of the respiratory structure that contains the vocal cords?
The larynx or voice box.
39
What is the name of the respiratory structure that is formed by the branching of the trachea?
The bronchial tree.
40
What is the name of the smallest airways in the lungs?
The bronchioles.
41
What is the name of the respiratory structure where gas exchange occurs between the air and the blood?
The alveoli.
42
What is the name of the respiratory pigment that binds to oxygen in the blood?
Hemoglobin.
43
What is the name of the respiratory center in the brainstem that controls breathing?
The medulla oblongata.
44
What is the name of the process by which carbon dioxide is transported in the blood?
Carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood as dissolved CO2, bicarbonate ions, or bound to hemoglobin.
45
What is the name of the condition in which the bronchioles constrict and make it difficult to breathe?
Asthma.
46
What is the name of the respiratory structure that is a thin, moist, and transparent membrane that covers the lungs?
The pleura.
47
What is the name of the condition in which there is an accumulation of air in the pleural cavity, causing the lung to collapse?
Pneumothorax.
48
What is the name of the condition in which there is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, compressing the lung and making it difficult to breathe?
Pleural effusion.
49
What is the name of the condition in which the alveoli lose their elasticity and become damaged, making it difficult to breathe?
Emphysema.
50
What is the name of the condition in which the airways become inflamed and narrow, making it difficult to breathe?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
51
What is the name of the process by which oxygen is transported in the blood?
Oxygen can be transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin or dissolved in plasma.
52
What is the name of the molecule that serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen.
53
What is the name of the condition in which the body's tissues do not receive enough oxygen due to a lack of oxygen in the blood?
Hypoxia.
54
What is the name of the condition in which there is a lack of oxygen to the brain, causing loss of consciousness?
Syncope.
55
What is the name of the condition in which there is a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, leading to acidosis?
Hypercapnia.
56
What is the name of the system that includes the heart and blood vessels?
The cardiovascular system.
57
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
To transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances throughout the body.
58
What is the name of the muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body?
The heart.
59
What is the name of the two upper chambers of the heart?
The atria.
60
What is the name of the two lower chambers of the heart?
The ventricles.
61
What is the name of the fibrous sac that encloses the heart?
The pericardium.
62
What is the name of the membrane that lines the inside of the heart chambers?
The endocardium.
63
What is the name of the tough, fibrous layer that surrounds the heart and helps anchor it in place?
The epicardium.
64
What is the name of the thick, muscular layer of the heart that contracts to pump blood?
The myocardium.
65
What is the name of the valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle?
The mitral valve or bicuspid valve.
66
What is the name of the valve located between the right atrium and right ventricle?
The tricuspid valve.
67
What is the name of the valve located at the base of the aorta?
The aortic valve.
68
What is the name of the valve located at the base of the pulmonary trunk?
The pulmonary valve.
69
What is the name of the network of specialized cardiac muscle cells that initiates and coordinates heart contractions?
The cardiac conduction system.
70
What is the name of the device that measures the electrical activity of the heart?
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).
71
What is the name of the node that serves as the pacemaker of the heart, initiating each heartbeat?
The sinoatrial (SA) node.
72
Where is the sinoatrial (SA) node located?
In the upper wall of the right atrium.
73
What is the name of the node that delays the electrical impulse from the atria before transmitting it to the ventricles?
The atrioventricular (AV) node.
74
Where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located?
In the lower interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus.
75
What is the name of the specialized fibers that conduct the electrical impulse from the AV node to the ventricles?
The atrioventricular (AV) bundle or bundle of His.
76
What is the name of the fibers that distribute the electrical impulse throughout the ventricles?
The Purkinje fibers.
77
What is the sequence of events in the cardiac conduction system?
The SA node initiates the electrical impulse, which spreads through the atria to the AV node. The AV node delays the impulse before transmitting it to the AV bundle and Purkinje fibers, which distribute the impulse through the ventricles.
78
What is the name of the device that can deliver a shock to the heart to restore normal rhythm in cases of cardiac arrest or arrhythmia?
A defibrillator.
79
What is the name of the abnormal heart rhythm that is characterized by rapid, irregular contractions of the atria?
Atrial fibrillation.
80
What is the name of the abnormal heart rhythm that is characterized by rapid, irregular contractions of the ventricles?
Ventricular fibrillation.
81
What is the name of the device that can monitor heart rhythm and deliver an electrical shock to restore normal rhythm as needed?
An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)1.
82
What is the name of the process by which the heart contracts and then relaxes to move blood throughout the body?
The cardiac cycle.
83
What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?
Systole and diastole.
84
What is systole?
The phase of the cardiac cycle during which the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers.
85
What is diastole?
The phase of the cardiac cycle during which the heart relaxes and fills with blood.
86
What is the name of the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during a single heartbeat?
Stroke volume.
87
What is the name of the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute?
Cardiac output.
88
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate.
89
What is the name of the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries during ventricular contraction?
Systolic blood pressure.
90
What is the name of the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries during ventricular relaxation?
Diastolic blood pressure.
91
What is the name of the instrument used to measure blood pressure?
A sphygmomanometer.
92
What is the name of the sound heard when taking a blood pressure reading with a stethoscope?
Korotkoff sound.
93
What is the name of the mechanism by which the body regulates blood pressure by adjusting the diameter of blood vessels?
Vasomotion.
94
What is the name of the hormone released by the kidneys that increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and retaining water and sodium in the body?
Angiotensin II.
95
What is the name of the hormone released by the adrenal gland that increases heart rate and blood pressure in response to stress or exercise?
Epinephrine (adrenaline).

ANP 1106 (11 decks)

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