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ANP 1106 > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical position

A

A standard body position where the body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body.

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2
Q

Cephalic region

A

Refers to the head and face.

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3
Q

Thoracic region

A

Refers to the chest.

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4
Q

Abdominal region

A

Refers to the abdomen.

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5
Q

Pelvic region

A

Refers to the pelvis.

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6
Q

Upper limb region

A

Refers to the arms.

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7
Q

Manus region

A

Refers to the hands.

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8
Q

Lower limb region

A

Refers to the legs.

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9
Q

Pedal area

A

Refers to the feet.

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10
Q

Superior (cranial) direction

A

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body, above.

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11
Q

Inferior (caudal) direction

A

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body, below.

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12
Q

Anterior (ventral) direction

A

Toward or at the front of the body, in front of.

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13
Q

Posterior (dorsal) direction

A

Toward or at the back of the body.

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14
Q

Medial direction

A

Toward or at the midline of the body, on the inner side of.

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15
Q

Lateral direction

A

Away from the midline of the body, on the outer side of.

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16
Q

Intermediate direction

A

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

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17
Q

Proximal direction

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

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18
Q

Distal direction

A

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

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19
Q

Superficial (external)

A

Toward or at the body surface.

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20
Q

Physiology

A

The study of how living organisms function, including processes such as digestion, circulation, and respiration.

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21
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in an organism, achieved through a variety of physiological mechanisms.

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22
Q

Negative feedback

A

A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that opposes or reverses the change, helping to maintain homeostasis.

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23
Q

Positive feedback

A

A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that amplifies or reinforces the change, rather than opposing it.

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24
Q

Sagittal plane

A

A plane that divides the body into left and right portions.

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25
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

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26
Q

Transverse plane

A

A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

27
Q

Define metabolism.

A

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body.

28
Q

What is catabolism?

A

The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process.

29
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy in the process.

30
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite fluctuations in external conditions.

31
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A mechanism that maintains homeostasis by reversing a change in a controlled variable.

32
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

A mechanism that amplifies a change in a controlled variable, rather than reversing it.

33
Q

What are the two internal body cavities?

A

The two internal body cavities are the dorsal and ventral body cavities.

34
Q

What are the subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?

A

The dorsal body cavity has two subdivisions: the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.

35
Q

What is located in the cranial cavity?

A

The brain is located in the cranial cavity.

36
Q

What is located in the vertebral cavity?

A

The spinal cord is located in the vertebral cavity.

37
Q

What are the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity?

A

The thoracic cavity is subdivided into the superior mediastinum, the pleural cavity, and the pericardial cavity within the mediastinum.

38
Q

What are the subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into the abdominal cavity (which contains the digestive viscera) and the pelvic cavity (which contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum).

39
Q

What is the function of the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle important in breathing, and it separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity.

40
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach slides through the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity, allowing stomach acid to cause heartburn.

41
Q

What is the serosa?

A

The serosa (serous membrane) is a thin, double-layered membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains.

42
Q

What is X-Ray Imaging?

A

X-Ray Imaging uses X rays (very short-wavelength electromagnetic waves).

43
Q

What do dense structures appear as in X-Ray Imaging?

A

Dense structures (e.g., bones) appear as light areas.

44
Q

What do hollow air-containing organs and fat appear as in X-Ray Imaging?

A

Hollow air-containing organs (e.g., lungs) and fat appear as dark areas.

45
Q

What is X-Ray Imaging used for?

A

X-Ray Imaging is used for detecting broken bones; finding breast tumors (mammography); measuring density of bones to screen for osteoporosis (porous bones).

46
Q

What is X-Ray Imaging not used for?

A

X-Ray Imaging is not used for most soft tissue problems except when used with a contrast medium such as barium.

47
Q

What are the cons of X-Ray Imaging?

A

The cons of X-Ray Imaging include radiation exposure and images being two-dimensional.

48
Q

What is Computed Tomography (CT) Scans?

A

Computed Tomography (CT) Scans are computerized reconstruction of a series of X-ray images.

49
Q

How do Computed Tomography (CT) Scans provide images?

A

Computed Tomography (CT) Scans provide detailed cross-sectional pictures of scanned body regions.

50
Q

What are Computed Tomography (CT) Scans used for?

A

Computed Tomography (CT) Scans are used for images of bone, soft tissues, and blood vessels.

51
Q

What are Computed Tomography (CT) Scans less useful for?

A

Computed Tomography (CT) Scans are less useful for nervous tissue and joint structure (e.g., knee and shoulder).

52
Q

What are the cons of Computed Tomography (CT) Scans?

A

The cons of Computed Tomography (CT) Scans include more radiation exposure than X rays, which may be a concern if used repeatedly.

53
Q

What is Digital Subtraction Angiography?

A

Digital Subtraction Angiography is a technique for visualizing blood vessels (angi = vessel) by X ray or CT scan.

54
Q

What is angiography?

A

Angiography is visualizing blood vessels.

55
Q

What does Digital Subtraction Angiography require?

A

Digital Subtraction Angiography requires injection of an X-ray-absorbing contrast agent.

56
Q

What does digitally subtracting images yield in Digital Subtraction Angiography?

A

Digitally subtracting images from before and after injection of the contrast agent yields very clear images of blood vessels.

57
Q

What is Digital Subtraction Angiography used for?

A

Digital Subtraction Angiography is used for detecting blood vessel abnormalities such as blockages in the arteries that supply the heart.

58
Q

What are the cons of Digital Subtraction Angiography?

A

The cons of Digital Subtraction Angiography include it being time-consuming and expensive, and adverse reactions to the contrast medium can occur.

59
Q

What are Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scans?

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scans use gamma rays that are emitted by radioactively tagged tracer molecules that are injected into the body.

60
Q

What do Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scans use?

A

The radioactive tracer molecule used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scans depends on the reason for doing the scan.

61
Q

What does the radioactive tracer molecule used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scans depend on?

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scans are used for detecting the spread of cancer or monitoring the response to cancer treatment. Sometimes used to help diagnose Alzheimer’s disease, and as a research tool to explore brain function.

62
Q

What are Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scans used for?

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scans are used to detect the spread of cancer or monitor the response to cancer treatment. They are also sometimes used to help diagnose Alzheimer’s disease and as a research tool to explore brain function.

63
Q

What are the cons of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scans?

A

The cons of PET scans include radiation exposure and relatively poor image resolution.

ANP 1106 (11 decks)

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