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ANP 1106 > 4 > Flashcards

4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria in a cell?

A

The mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP, which is the cell’s primary energy source.

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2
Q

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

A

The mitochondria are small, rod-shaped structures with a double membrane. The inner membrane is highly folded, which increases the surface area for ATP production.

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3
Q

What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis?

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes, which synthesize proteins. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification.

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4
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport to their final destinations within the cell or for secretion outside the cell.

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5
Q

What is the structure of lysosomes?

A

Lysosomes are small, membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They break down and recycle cellular waste and foreign substances.

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6
Q

What is the role of peroxisomes in the cell?

A

Peroxisomes are involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification. They also break down hydrogen peroxide, which is a toxic byproduct of cellular metabolism.

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7
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers that provides structural support and helps maintain cell shape. It is also involved in cell movement and the transport of materials within the cell.

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8
Q

What are the three types of protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?

A

The three types of protein fibers are microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules.

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9
Q

What is the role of microfilaments in the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments are involved in cell movement and support, and they play a role in the contraction of muscle cells.

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10
Q

What is the function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules provide structural support and act as tracks for the movement of organelles and vesicles within the cell. They are also involved in the formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division.

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11
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body.

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12
Q

What are the common characteristics of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissues share two characteristics that set them apart from other primary tissues: extracellular matrix and common origin.

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13
Q

What are the structural elements of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissues have three main components: ground substance, fibers, and cells.

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14
Q

What are the types of connective tissue found in the body?

A

The types of connective tissue found in the body are connective tissue proper (which includes fat and the fibrous tissue of ligaments), cartilage, bone, and blood.

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15
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

The major functions of connective tissue include binding and supporting, protecting, insulating, storing reserve fuel, and transporting substances within the body.

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16
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Ground substance is the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers. It has three components: glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins.

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17
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

Collagen Fibers are the strongest and most abundant fibers in connective tissue, made of fibrous protein collagen, and provide high tensile strength to the matrix.

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18
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Elastic Fibers are long, thin, and contain elastin, allowing them to stretch and recoil like rubber bands. They are found where greater elasticity is needed.

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19
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Reticular Fibers are short and fine, made of a different type of collagen, and form delicate networks that support the soft tissue of organs.

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20
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper become fibrocytes, chondroblasts in cartilage become chondrocytes.

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21
Q

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cells are immature blood cell-forming cells that are not located in their tissue (blood) and do not make the fluid matrix (plasma) of that tissue.

22
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone. However, in the process of bone formation, osteoblasts function in groups of connected. Osteoblasts in bone become osteocytes

23
Q

Adipocytes

A

Adipocytes, or fat cells, store energy as fat.

24
Q

White Blood Cells

A

Leukocytes, White Blood Cells respond to tissue injury.

25
Q

Mast Cells

A

Mast Cells detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses. They contain secretory granules with chemicals that mediate inflammation.

26
Q

Macrophages

A

Macrophages are large, irregularly shaped cells that devour foreign materials and dispose of dead tissue cells. They are central actors in the immune system and are found throughout loose connective tissue, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissue.

27
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Mesenchyme is an embryonic tissue that gives rise to all other connective tissue cells. It has a fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells. It is the common precursor of mature connective tissues. Some mesenchymal cells remain in mature connective tissues and provide a source of new cells.

28
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Extracellular matrix is a non-cellular component of connective tissue that surrounds living cells. It consists of ground substance and protein fibers, such as collagen and elastin, that provide structural support and elasticity to tissues. The matrix also plays important roles in tissue development, repair, and signaling.

29
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue is a type of connective tissue proper that has a loose network of fibers and cells within a gel-like matrix. It includes areolar, adipose, and reticular tissues. Areolar tissue is widely distributed and serves as a universal packing material between other tissues, while adipose tissue stores fat and provides insulation and support. Reticular tissue forms a soft internal skeleton in lymphoid organs.

30
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Dense connective tissue is a type of connective tissue proper that has a dense network of fibers and cells within a ground substance. It includes dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic tissues. Dense regular tissue consists of parallel collagen fibers and is found in tendons and ligaments. Dense irregular tissue has randomly arranged collagen fibers and is found in the dermis of the skin and in fibrous capsules of organs and joints. Elastic tissue contains a high proportion of elastic fibers and is found in the walls of large arteries, certain ligaments, and the bronchial tubes.

31
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Chondroblasts are cells that produce the extracellular matrix of cartilage. They are responsible for synthesizing and secreting the collagen and proteoglycans that make up the matrix. Once the matrix is produced, chondroblasts mature into chondrocytes, which are responsible for maintaining the matrix.

32
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Reticular fibers are thin, branching fibers that are made of collagen and glycoproteins. They form a loose network in the extracellular matrix of reticular connective tissue and provide a scaffold for other cells, such as white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages, to attach to. Reticular fibers are found in lymphoid organs, such as lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen.

33
Q

What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue?

A

Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.

34
Q

What is the function of areolar connective tissue?

A

It cushions and supports organs, and provides a medium for diffusion of materials between blood vessels and cells.

35
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A

It stores nutrients as fat, acts as insulation, and acts as a shock absorber.

36
Q

What is the difference between white fat and brown fat?

A

White fat stores nutrients, while brown fat generates heat to warm the body.

37
Q

What is reticular connective tissue?

A

It is a type of connective tissue that forms a delicate network along which fibroblasts called reticular cells are scattered.

38
Q

What are the three types of dense connective tissue?

A

Dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic.

39
Q

What is dense regular connective tissue, and what are some of its functions?

A

With its enormous tensile strength, dense regular connective tissue forms tendons, which are cords that attach muscles to bones, aponeuroses, flat, sheetlike tendons that attach muscles to other muscles or to bones, and ligaments, which bind bones together at joints. They contain more elastic fibers than tendons and are slightly more stretchy.

40
Q

What is the makeup of dense irregular tissues?

A

Dense regular connective tissue is a type of tissue containing closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of pull. This arrangement results in white, flexible structures with great resistance to tension (pulling forces) where the tension is exerted in a single direction. Crowded between the collagen fibers are rows of fibroblasts that continuously manufacture the fibers and a small amount of ground substance.

41
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue

42
Q

What is the structure of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Made up of long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells called muscle fibers
Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma
The cytoplasm of the muscle fiber is called the sarcoplasm and contains numerous myofibrils

43
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber
Made up of thick and thin myofilaments, which are responsible for muscle contraction

44
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

The theory that muscle contraction occurs when thin filaments slide over thick filaments, causing the sarcomere to shorten
This process is driven by the interaction between actin and myosin filaments, which are proteins that make up the thin and thick filaments, respectively

45
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The point of contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber
The motor neuron releases a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine, which binds to receptors on the muscle fiber and triggers muscle contraction

46
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Motor units vary in size depending on the muscle they control; small motor units control fine movements, while large motor units control more powerful movements

47
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

The continuous partial contraction of muscles, even when at rest
Maintained by the nervous system and helps to stabilize joints and maintain posture

48
Q

What is muscle hypertrophy?

A

An increase in muscle fiber size, often due to increased demand placed on the muscle
Typically occurs with strength training or resistance exercise

49
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

A decrease in muscle fiber size, often due to disuse or lack of activity
Can also occur with aging, injury, or certain medical conditions

50
Q

What is the difference between isotonic and isometric muscle contractions?

A

Isotonic contractions involve the shortening of a muscle and movement of a joint, such as during lifting a weight
Isometric contractions involve the tension of a muscle without movement of a joint, such as during pushing against an immovable object

ANP 1106 (11 decks)

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