8 Flashcards
What is the function of the skeletal system?
Provides support and protection for the body
Assists in movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles
Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
Houses bone marrow, where blood cells are produced
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact bone: dense and hard, forms the outer layer of bones
Spongy bone: less dense, forms the inner layer of bones and contains red bone marrow
What is the structure of a long bone?
Diaphysis: the shaft of the bone
Epiphysis: the ends of the bone
Articular cartilage: covers the surface of the epiphysis to provide cushioning and reduce friction in joints
Periosteum: a dense layer of connective tissue that covers the bone and provides attachment points for muscles and tendons
Medullary cavity: a hollow space within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow
What are the cells responsible for bone formation and remodeling?
Osteoblasts: cells that build new bone tissue
Osteoclasts: cells that break down and reabsorb bone tissue
Osteocytes: mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix
What is the process of bone growth and development in children?
Intramembranous ossification: bone tissue forms directly within a membrane, as seen in the formation of the flat bones of the skull
Endochondral ossification: bone tissue replaces cartilage, as seen in the growth of long bones
What is the role of hormones in bone growth and remodeling?
Growth hormone: stimulates bone growth during childhood and adolescence
Thyroid hormone: regulates bone metabolism
Parathyroid hormone: increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption
Calcitonin: decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption
What is the process of bone repair after a fracture?
Hematoma formation: blood vessels in the bone and surrounding tissue rupture, forming a blood clot
Callus formation: fibroblasts and chondroblasts produce a soft callus of fibrous and cartilaginous tissue to bridge the gap between the broken ends of the bone
Bony callus formation: osteoblasts produce a bony callus to replace the soft callus
Remodeling: osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the bony callus to restore the bone’s original shape and strength
What are the major bones of the axial skeleton?
Skull
Vertebral column
Ribs
Sternum
What are the major bones of the appendicular skeleton?
Shoulder girdle: scapula and clavicle
Arm bones: humerus, radius, and ulna
Hand bones: carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Pelvic girdle: ilium, ischium, and pubis
Leg bones: femur, tibia, and fibula
Foot bones: tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
What are the different types of joints in the body?
Fibrous joints: connect bones with dense fibrous tissue, as seen in the sutures of the skull
Cartilaginous joints: connect bones with cartilage, as seen in the intervertebral discs
Synovial joints: allow for free movement between
What is the skeletal system?
The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues that support and protect the body.
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Provides support and shape for the body
Protects internal organs from damage
Assists in movement by providing attachment points for muscles
Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
Houses bone marrow, where blood cells are produced
What are the types of bones in the human body?
Long bones: longer than they are wide, such as the femur in the thigh
Short bones: roughly cube-shaped, such as the carpals in the wrist
Flat bones: thin and flat, such as the scapula in the shoulder
Irregular bones: varied in shape and size, such as the vertebrae in the spine
What is compact bone?
Compact bone is a dense and hard type of bone tissue that forms the outer layer of bones. It provides strength and support.
What is spongy bone?
Spongy bone is a less dense type of bone tissue that forms the inner layer of bones. It contains spaces filled with red bone marrow, where blood cells are produced.
What is the diaphysis?
The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone. It is composed primarily of compact bone and contains the medullary cavity.
What is the medullary cavity?
The medullary cavity is a hollow space within the diaphysis of a long bone. It contains yellow bone marrow, which stores fat.
What are the epiphyses?
The epiphyses are the ends of a long bone. They are composed primarily of spongy bone and covered with articular cartilage to reduce friction at joints.
What is the periosteum?
The periosteum is a dense layer of connective tissue that covers the surface of bones. It provides attachment points for muscles and tendons and contains blood vessels and nerves.
What is the endosteum?
The endosteum is a thin layer of connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity and covers the surfaces of spongy bone within the epiphyses of long bones. It contains bone-forming cells and blood vessels.
What is bone marrow?
Bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found within the medullary cavity of bones and the spaces of spongy bone. It produces blood cells and stores fat.
What are the two types of bone marrow?
Red bone marrow produces blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Yellow bone marrow stores fat and serves as an energy reserve.
What is hematopoiesis?
Hematopoiesis is the process of blood cell formation. It occurs in red bone marrow.
What is ossification?
Ossification is the process by which bone tissue is formed, developed, and replaced. It occurs through two processes: intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification.
What is intramembranous ossification?
Intramembranous ossification is the process by which bone tissue forms directly from mesenchymal (embryonic) connective tissue. It occurs primarily in the bones of the skull.
What is endochondral ossification?
Endochondral ossification is the process by which bone tissue forms from a hyaline cartilage model. It occurs in most bones of the body, including the long bones.
