12 Flashcards by em cap

What is the name of the nervous system that controls involuntary body functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing?

The autonomic nervous system.

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What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

The sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.

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What is the function of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

To prepare the body for intense physical activity, also known as the “fight or flight” response.

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What is the function of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

To promote rest and digestion, also known as the “rest and digest” response.

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What is the name of the group of cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system located outside of the central nervous system?

The autonomic ganglia.

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What is the name of the neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division?

Norepinephrine.

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What is the name of the neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?

Acetylcholine.

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What is the name of the hormone released by the adrenal medulla that enhances the effects of the sympathetic division?

Epinephrine (adrenaline).

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What is the name of the receptor that binds to acetylcholine in the parasympathetic division?

Muscarinic receptor.

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What is the name of the receptor that binds to norepinephrine and epinephrine in the sympathetic division?

Adrenergic receptor.

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What is the name of the neurotransmitter that is released by the preganglionic neurons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?

Acetylcholine.

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What is the name of the nerve that carries parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and digestive organs?

The vagus nerve.

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What is the name of the reflex that helps maintain blood pressure by increasing heart rate and constricting blood vessels?

The baroreceptor reflex.

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What is the name of the reflex that helps maintain blood pressure by increasing or decreasing heart rate in response to changes in blood pressure detected by the carotid and aortic bodies?

The chemoreceptor reflex.

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What is the name of the condition characterized by dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system?

Autonomic neuropathy.

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What is the name of the cluster of neurons in the brain that serves as the control center for the autonomic nervous system?

The hypothalamus.

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What are the three regions of the hypothalamus that control the autonomic nervous system?

The anterior region, the medial region, and the posterior region.

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What is the name of the region of the hypothalamus that controls the parasympathetic division?

The anterior region.

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What is the name of the region of the hypothalamus that controls the sympathetic division?

The posterior region.

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What is the name of the neural pathway that connects the hypothalamus to the autonomic ganglia of the sympathetic division?

The hypothalamus-sympathetic pathway.

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What is the name of the neural pathway that connects the hypothalamus to the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic division?

The hypothalamus-parasympathetic pathway.

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What is the name of the group of neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream in response to signals from the hypothalamus?

The neuroendocrine cells.

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What is the name of the hormone released by the neuroendocrine cells in response to stress?

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

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What is the name of the hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to CRH?

Cortisol.

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What is the name of the hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to sympathetic activation?

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

What is the name of the condition characterized by excessive sympathetic activity, including high blood pressure, sweating, and anxiety?

Sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity.

What is the name of the condition characterized by excessive parasympathetic activity, including low blood pressure, slow heart rate, and excessive sweating?

Parasympathetic nervous system hyperactivity.

What is the name of the condition characterized by dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, resulting in symptoms such as lightheadedness, fatigue, and heart palpitations?

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS).

What is the name of the treatment for POTS that involves increasing fluid and salt intake to increase blood volume?

Fluid and salt loading.

What is the name of the medication used to treat hypertension and other conditions by blocking the effects of norepinephrine on the sympathetic nervous system?

Beta blockers.

What is the name of the nerve that carries parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, and intestines?

The vagus nerve.

What is the name of the nerve that carries sympathetic fibers to the head, neck, and thoracic organs?

The cervical sympathetic trunk.

What is the name of the nerve that carries sympathetic fibers to the abdominal and pelvic organs?

The thoracic sympathetic trunk.

What is the name of the ganglia that are located near the spinal cord and receive preganglionic sympathetic fibers?

The sympathetic chain ganglia.

What is the name of the ganglia that are located near the organs and receive postganglionic sympathetic fibers?

The collateral ganglia.

What is the name of the neurotransmitter released by sympathetic preganglionic fibers?

Acetylcholine.

What is the name of the neurotransmitter released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers?

Norepinephrine.

What is the name of the neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?

Acetylcholine.

What is the name of the condition characterized by uncontrolled sympathetic activity, resulting in symptoms such as headache, sweating, and rapid heartbeat?

Sympathetic nervous system overactivity.

What is the name of the condition characterized by uncontrolled parasympathetic activity, resulting in symptoms such as fainting, low blood pressure, and slow heart rate?

Parasympathetic nervous system overactivity.

What is the name of the drug used to treat hypertension and other conditions by blocking the effects of norepinephrine on the sympathetic nervous system?

Beta blockers.

What is the name of the drug used to treat glaucoma by decreasing intraocular pressure through its effects on the parasympathetic nervous system?

Pilocarpine

What is the name of the drug used to treat asthma and other conditions by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle through its effects on the sympathetic nervous system?

Beta-2 agonists.

What is the name of the drug used to treat erectile dysfunction by relaxing smooth muscle in the penis through its effects on the parasympathetic nervous system?

Sildenafil (Viagra).

What is the name of the division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for maintaining homeostasis during rest and digestion?

The parasympathetic division.

What is the name of the division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for preparing the body for "fight or flight" responses?

The sympathetic division.

What is the name of the division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for regulating visceral functions such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure?

The autonomic nervous system.

What is the name of the structure that is responsible for integrating and coordinating the activities of the autonomic nervous system?

The hypothalamus.

What is the name of the nucleus in the hypothalamus that is responsible for regulating visceral responses to emotions such as fear and rage?

The hypothalamic nucleus.

What is the name of the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Acetylcholine.

What is the name of the neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Norepinephrine

What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?

Acetylcholinesterase

What is the name of the enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft?

Monoamine oxidase.

What is the name of the receptor that binds acetylcholine on the postsynaptic membrane of parasympathetic neurons?

The nicotinic receptor.

What is the name of the receptor that binds acetylcholine on the postsynaptic membrane of effector cells in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

The muscarinic receptor.

What is the name of the receptor that binds norepinephrine on the postsynaptic membrane of effector cells in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

The adrenergic receptor.

What is the name of the receptor that binds acetylcholine on the postsynaptic membrane of effector cells in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

The nicotinic receptor.

What is the name of the drug used to treat asthma and other conditions by stimulating beta-2 adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system?

Albuterol

What is the name of the hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that acts as a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Epinephrine (also known as adrenaline).

What is the name of the hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that acts as a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?

Norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline).

What is the name of the hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to stress that helps the body deal with stress by increasing blood glucose levels and suppressing the immune system?

Cortisol

What is the name of the hormone released by the adrenal cortex that helps regulate the body's electrolyte balance and blood pressure?

Aldosterone

What is the name of the hormone released by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism and increases the body's oxygen consumption and heat production?

Thyroxine (T4).

What is the name of the hormone released by the thyroid gland that regulates calcium homeostasis in the body?

Calcitonin

What is the name of the hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium homeostasis in the body?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH).

What is the name of the hormone released by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels by promoting the uptake of glucose into cells and the storage of glucose in the liver and muscle tissue?

Insulin

What is the name of the hormone released by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and the release of glucose into the bloodstream?

Glucagon

What is the name of the hormone released by the pineal gland that helps regulate the body's circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles?

Melatonin

What is the name of the hormone released by the heart that helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume by promoting sodium and water excretion in the kidneys?

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).

What is the name of the hormone released by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow?

Erythropoietin (EPO).

What is the name of the hormone released by the thymus gland that helps regulate the immune system by promoting the maturation of T-lymphocytes?

Thymosin

What is the name of the hormone released by the ovaries that promotes the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle?

Estrogen

What is the name of the hormone released by the testes that promotes the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics?

Testosterone

What is the role of the seminiferous tubules in the testes?

The seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm production in the testes.

What are the interstitial cells in the testes?

The interstitial cells, also known as Leydig cells, are located between the seminiferous tubules and produce androgens, such as testosterone.

What is the function of the epididymis?

The epididymis is a coiled tube that stores and matures sperm that have been produced in the testes.

What is the ductus deferens?

The ductus deferens, also known as the vas deferens, is a muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

The seminal vesicles secrete a fluid that contains fructose and prostaglandins, which nourish and protect sperm.

What is the function of the prostate gland?

The prostate gland secretes a milky fluid that helps to activate sperm and neutralize the acidity of the female reproductive tract.

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

The bulbourethral glands secrete a mucus-like fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes any acidic urine that may be present.

What is ejaculation?

Ejaculation is the ejection of semen from the male reproductive system.

What is the process of erection?

Erection is the result of increased blood flow into the spongy erectile tissue of the penis, which causes the tissue to become engorged and stiff.

What is the role of nitric oxide in penile erection?

Nitric oxide is a chemical signal that causes relaxation of the smooth muscle cells in the blood vessels of the penis, allowing increased blood flow and leading to penile erection.

What is the female gonad called?

The female gonad is called the ovary.

What is the function of the ovary?

The ovary produces and releases oocytes (eggs) and hormones, such as estrogen and progesterone.

What is the process of oogenesis?

Oogenesis is the process of oocyte (egg) development and maturation in the ovary.

What is the function of the uterine (fallopian) tube?

The uterine tube is the site of fertilization, where the oocyte and sperm meet and combine to form a zygote.

What is the uterus?

The uterus is a muscular organ that houses the developing fetus during pregnancy.

What is the endometrium?

The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus that thickens and prepares for implantation of a fertilized egg during the menstrual cycle.

What is the cervix?

The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus that opens into the vagina.

What is the function of the vagina?

The vagina is a muscular tube that receives the penis during sexual intercourse and serves as the birth canal during childbirth.

What is the clitoris?

The clitoris is a highly sensitive organ located at the anterior junction of the labia minora that functions in sexual arousal and pleasure.

What is the labia majora?

The labia majora are the outer folds of skin that protect and enclose the female external genitalia.

What is puberty?

Puberty is the period of sexual maturation during which the body develops the ability to reproduce.

What are the primary sex organs in males and females?

The primary sex organs, or gonads, in males are the testes, and in females are the ovaries.

What is the hormone responsible for the onset of puberty?

The hormone responsible for the onset of puberty is gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is released by the hypothalamus.

What are the hormones responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics in males and females?

In males, testosterone is responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics, such as facial hair and deepening of the voice. In females, estrogen and progesterone are responsible for the development of secondary sex characteristics, such as breast development and widening of the hips.

What is spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm cell development and maturation in the testes.

What is the function of the epididymis?

The epididymis is a coiled tube located on the surface of the testis that serves as a site for sperm maturation and storage.

What is the vas deferens?

The vas deferens is a muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation.

What is the prostate gland?

The prostate gland is a glandular organ located at the base of the bladder that secretes fluid into the urethra to help nourish and protect the sperm during ejaculation.

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

The seminal vesicles are paired glandular organs located behind the bladder that secrete a fluid rich in fructose and other nutrients to nourish the sperm during ejaculation.

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

The bulbourethral glands are small, pea-sized glands located beneath the prostate gland that secrete a lubricating fluid into the urethra to facilitate the passage of sperm during ejaculation.