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Earth and Space 101 > 8th Grade Science Test 6 (Semester Exam) > Flashcards

8th Grade Science Test 6 (Semester Exam) Flashcards

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1
Q

A volcano consisting primarily of erupted volcanic ash and rock fragments held together loosely is a

A

cinder-cone volcano

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2
Q

The upper layers of the ground stripped away by surface mining are the

A

overburden

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3
Q

Some glaciers extend into the ocean without breaking to form

A

ice shelves

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4
Q

Which type of weathering involves the breaking or peeling away of rock into layers?

A

exfoliation

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5
Q

What is an alloy of iron and carbon?

A

steel

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6
Q

What is the land that borders a river and is covered by river water in flood time?

A

floodplain

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7
Q

The amount of matter in an object is the

A

mass

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8
Q

Man is classified as Homo

A

sapiens

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9
Q

What type of mountain formed when rocks on one side of a fault were forced upward and the rocks on the other side were forced downward?

A

fault-block

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10
Q

What is the narrow zone of active volcanoes that encircles the Pacific basin?

A

Ring of Fire

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11
Q

What is the resistance of a smooth surface of a mineral to being scratched?

A

hardness

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12
Q

The largest group of minerals, which compose over 90% of the earth’s crust, are the ___.

A

silicates

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13
Q

What plant food element promotes the ripening of fruits?

A

phosphorus

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14
Q

What is the upper surface of ground water?

A

water table

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15
Q

Lava that hardens into rough, jagged rocks with a crumbly or “blockY” texture is ___ lava.

A

aa

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16
Q

What deep-sea-fish living fossil was once thought to be the ancestor of the first amphibians?

A

coelacanth

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17
Q

What are crystalline substances found naturally in the earth?

A

minerals

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18
Q

A fan-shaped deposit of sediments at the mouth of a river is a(n)

A

delta

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19
Q

The sudden appearance of life in the fossil record is called the

A

Cambrian explosion

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20
Q

Which australopithecine was known as “upright man”?

A

Homo erectus

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21
Q

sandy, gently sloping underwater plain near a continent

A

continental shelf

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22
Q

underwater mountain range

A

mid-oceanic ridge

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23
Q

one of the deep depressions in the earth’s surface where the oceans are contained

A

ocean basin

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24
Q

underwater mountain

A

seamount

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25
Q

beginning marked by shelf break

A

continental slope

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26
Q

one of the huge, muddy valleys that cut through portions of the abyssal plain

A

trench

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27
Q

large fissure in the continental shelf

A

submarine canyon

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28
Q

a pool of shallow, salty water at the center of an atoll

A

lagoon

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29
Q

a huge level region of the deep ocean floor

A

abyssal plain

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30
Q

rhythmic back-and-forth motions of water that transfer energy are called

A

waves

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31
Q

crystals are generally characterized by many flat surfaces called

A

faces

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32
Q

oceanographers collect water samples from the ocean depths using ___ bottles

A

Niskin

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33
Q

the process in which wind lifts particles for short distances then drops them abruptly

A

saltation

34
Q

movements of ocean water caused primarily by the moon are called

A

tides

35
Q

the study of the earth

A

geology

36
Q

the revolutionary submersible design invented by Auguste Piccard

A

bathyscaphe

37
Q

Gentle, rolling waves that appear even in calm weather

A

ocean swells

38
Q

seventy-sigh percent of the salt in the ocean is

A

sodium chloride

39
Q

The region where cold, deep water meets sun-warmed surface water is the

A

thermocline

40
Q

the earth’s rotation causes surface currents to move in circular paths called

A

gyres

41
Q

a ___ is a device with an open tube that is dropped to the sea floor, allowing its weight to puncture the sediment

A

gravity corer

42
Q

huge chunks of floating glacial ice

A

icebergs

43
Q

the process that breaks rocks down into soil

A

weathering

44
Q

the study of fossils

A

paleontology

45
Q

when water from heavy waves rapidly flows away from the shore through a gap in a sandbar, the water forms a(n)

A

rip current

46
Q

regions of the earth’s surface where limestone is exposed and abundant are

A

karst regions

47
Q

the deepest regions of the sea, with depths greater than 6000 meters (19,690 feet) are in the ___ zone

A

hadal

48
Q

one idea that attempts to reconcile the Bible and evolution

A

theistic evolution

49
Q

the deepest known point in the sea

A

Challenger Deep (or Marianas Trench)

50
Q

a mineral test that leaves a line of powder on a plate

A

streak test

51
Q

the most abundant element in the earth’s crust

A

oxygen

52
Q

a low hill formed when a glacier overruns a moraine

A

drumlin

53
Q

when two rock layers are pushed violently together, causing the layers to buckle, ___ mountains form.

A

folded

54
Q

the red variety of corundum

A

ruby

55
Q

what device uses sound waves to detect underwater objects?

A

sonar

56
Q

What is a warm surface current that flows in the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator?

A

Gulf Stream

57
Q

What are large almond- or teardrop-shaped pieces of ejecta formed when lava solidifies?

A

volcanic bomb

58
Q

halfway between the spring tides are weaker-than-normal tides called

A

neap tides

59
Q

what type of fold occurs when rocks buckle upward

A

anticline

60
Q

what hypothetical time scale supposedly charts both the earth’s history and the sequence of the rock layers in the earth’s crust

A

geologic column

61
Q

emerald and aquamarine are two forms of what mineral

A

beryl

62
Q

the amount of dissolved salt in seawater

A

salinity

63
Q

a theory that has never been proven false

A

law

64
Q

what is a winding, looping curve in a river on flat ground

A

meander

65
Q

what type of mountain is formed when molten rock collects beneath an overlying rock layer, forcing the layer upward into a blister like structure

A

domed

66
Q

What theory states that the earth’s crust and upper mantle consist of huge plates slowly drifting as a result of convection currents in the mantle?

A

plate tectonics

67
Q

the daily or twice-daily period when the ocean levels are at their highest point

A

neap tide

68
Q

the false belief that all geological processes have always proceeded t the same rate

A

uniformitarianism

69
Q

metal more valuable than gold or silver

A

platinum

70
Q

what scale do chemists use to express acidity and basicity of substances

A

pH

71
Q

the study of the earth’s oceans

A

oceanography

72
Q

percent of the earth’s surface covered by water

A

70%

73
Q

the term for an upward-flowing current

A

upwelling

74
Q

the scientific term for water pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure

75
Q

what does scuba stand for

A

self-contained underwater breathing apparatus

76
Q

the substance that makes up the physical world

A

matter

77
Q

device serves as a framework for many water collection bottles, allowing oceanographers to collect water from different depths

A

rosette

78
Q

the point on the earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus

A

epicenter

79
Q

the highest point of a wave

A

crest

80
Q

popularized evolution with his book On the Origin of Species

A

Charles Darwin

Earth and Space 101 (12 decks)

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