8.3 Imperialism & WWI

Question 1

Early 20th Century naval innovations

Answer 1

New platforms: subs, aircraft carriers, battleships, destroyers
New fuel: coal->oil
New materials: Iron-> steel w/ compartmentalized hulls
New weaponry: smooth bore cannons –>large caliber rifled naval guns

Question 2

What year were torpedo boats built?

Answer 2

1898, torpedo boats self propelled torpedos introduced. USS MACKENZIE

Question 3

what year were destroyers built?

Answer 3

1898 first US destroyers built. originally called “torpedo boat destroyers”
USS BAINBRIDGE

Question 4

what year was the first sub built

Answer 4

1900 USS HOLLAND

Question 5

What year was first battleship built?

Answer 5

1910 based off designs of HMS dreadnaught, uniform gun sizes, turrents
steam turbine engines = faster

Question 6

when was the first flight off a ship at sea?

Answer 6

1910

Question 7

when was first aircraft aquired?

Answer 7

1911

Question 8

when was the birth of marine corps aviation?

Answer 8

1912

Question 9

when was the first catapult aircraft launch at sea?

Answer 9

1915

Question 10

when did US start switching from coal to oi?

Answer 10

1917, first UNREP conducted

Question 11

US Navy Pre-WWI

Answer 11

theodore roosevelt (1901), major support of Navym former asst SECNAV, proponent of Mahan’s theories, secured large budget for panama canal construction, started in 1904 finished 1914

Question 12

What is the Roosevelt corollary?

Answer 12

in 1904 it was implemented to ensure peace in the western hemisphere
US blocked european intrustion in Latin america affairs

Question 13

What is the venezuela crisis?

Answer 13

in 1902 europeans nations blockade Venezual for defaulting on debts, sent US fleets to back europeans down

Question 14

what is the great white fleet?

Answer 14

around the world voyage (Dec 1907-feb1909)
“big stick” diplomacy
display of US naval power
two squadrons: 8 battleships each, cruisers, destoyers, and support ships (VA-CA-MANILA-VA)

Question 15

how did WWI start and why?

Answer 15

heir to austrian throne assassinated by serbian nationalist (Jul 1914). drew powers into war via Mutual defense pacts: germany/austrai, russia/serbia, britain/russia

Question 16

Who are the Central powers??

Answer 16

germany, austria-hungary, ottoman empire

Question 17

who are the allied powers?

Answer 17

Britain, france, russia, italy (1915-16), US (1917), japan (pacific)

Question 18

examples of naval warfare in WWI

Answer 18

british royal navy superior to German, britain wanted to destroy high seas fleet . Germany relied on commerce raiding and U-boats successful

Question 19

describe the battle of Jutland

Answer 19

1916, superior british fleet failed to inflict serious losses on germany
british command strategy behind technology
results in creation of combat information centers (CIC), tactical loss for British

Question 20

why did US join great war?

Answer 20

remained “neutral in thought and deed” from 1914-1917. Germans sink british passenger cruise vessel RMS LUSITANIA(7 MAY 1915) with 128 Americans onboard
U-boats sank several US merchant ships despite neutrality, US declared war on Germany in Apr 1917

Question 21

US navy contributions to WWI

Answer 21

convoy system to combat u-boats.
20-25 merchant vessels 6-8 destroyers
changed from “hunt and kill” patrols

Question 22

who mentioned the effectiveness of the convoy system?

Answer 22

“the effect of the implementation of the convoy system was immediate and dramatic. Losses dropped from 20% to .5%” Craig L symonds, the Naval institute historical atlas of the US NAVY

Question 23

End of war (1918)

Answer 23

germany & austria defeated by might of Britain, france and US, Mahanian doctrine yielded mixed real world results because U-boats were effective, but not war winning

Question 24

What was the treaty of versaille?

Answer 24

1919 France: creation of buffer state between france and germany, sever reparations
England: supported some reparations, wanted Germany as a trading partner
US: Wilson’s 14 points

Question 25

treaty of versaille outcomes

Answer 25

freedom of the seas, illegality of blockades, aggressive shipbuilding, League of Nations, all 3 nations agreed restriction of Germany’s military power, independent nations, Carthagian peace: treaty too harsh on germany, laid groundwork for WWII

Question 26

why was the battle of jutland so significant?

Answer 26

1. was the only major naval battle of WWI and challenged some of Mahan’s theories
2. strategic victory for the Entente due to the outcome forcing German navy back to port for the remainder of the war
3. showed the importance of proper employment of tech. the british fleet was handicapped by the commanders inability to utilize new tech to fullest capbabilities

Question 27

US Navy’s future post WWI

Answer 27

Major navy building began: 1919
1. naval act of 1916
2. emphasis back on capital ships
3. need for a large fleet to protect both coasts
4. planned to rival and eclipse royal navy
But 1920 administrations start to challenge these ideas

Question 28

five power naval limitation treaty

Answer 28

capital ship tonnage ratio limit: US, britain, japan, france and italy: 5-5-3-1.7-1.7. no limits to cruisers and destroyers, non-fortification of pacific possessions

Question 28

what was the significance of the washington naval conference?

Answer 28

1921-1922
Issues: Security of possessions in the pacific , dislike of Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902)
Proposals: dramatic proposal for disarmament. immediate 10 year holiday on construction of new capital ships, scrapping of already commissioned ships, appeasement to congress cutting military after WWI

Question 29

four power treaty

Answer 29

US, UK, FRANCE, JAPAN terminated anglo-japanese 1902, respect far eastern possessions of other countries, mutual consultation in crisis

Question 30

nine power treaty

Answer 30

us, BRITAIN, japan, france, italy, china, belgium, netherlands, portugal, gaurantees open door in China

Question 31

tech advancements

Answer 31

aircraft carriers, USS RANGER, modern operational radio communications, sub increased range

Question 32

what were the effects of the five power treaty

Answer 32

1. limited the 5 largest navies: UK, US, japan, france, italy) in the world in order to prevent an arms race
2. placed tonnage limits, and tonnage ratios on their respective fleets
3. did not place limits on secondary ships such as submarine and aircraft carriers
4. placed limits on max size gun ships could carry