8.3 Imperialism & WWI Flashcards
Early 20th Century naval innovations
New platforms: subs, aircraft carriers, battleships, destroyers
New fuel: coal->oil
New materials: Iron-> steel w/ compartmentalized hulls
New weaponry: smooth bore cannons –>large caliber rifled naval guns
What year were torpedo boats built?
1898, torpedo boats self propelled torpedos introduced. USS MACKENZIE
what year were destroyers built?
1898 first US destroyers built. originally called “torpedo boat destroyers”
USS BAINBRIDGE
what year was the first sub built
1900 USS HOLLAND
What year was first battleship built?
1910 based off designs of HMS dreadnaught, uniform gun sizes, turrents
steam turbine engines = faster
when was the first flight off a ship at sea?
1910
when was first aircraft aquired?
1911
when was the birth of marine corps aviation?
1912
when was the first catapult aircraft launch at sea?
1915
when did US start switching from coal to oi?
1917, first UNREP conducted
US Navy Pre-WWI
theodore roosevelt (1901), major support of Navym former asst SECNAV, proponent of Mahan’s theories, secured large budget for panama canal construction, started in 1904 finished 1914
What is the Roosevelt corollary?
in 1904 it was implemented to ensure peace in the western hemisphere
US blocked european intrustion in Latin america affairs
What is the venezuela crisis?
in 1902 europeans nations blockade Venezual for defaulting on debts, sent US fleets to back europeans down
what is the great white fleet?
around the world voyage (Dec 1907-feb1909)
“big stick” diplomacy
display of US naval power
two squadrons: 8 battleships each, cruisers, destoyers, and support ships (VA-CA-MANILA-VA)
how did WWI start and why?
heir to austrian throne assassinated by serbian nationalist (Jul 1914). drew powers into war via Mutual defense pacts: germany/austrai, russia/serbia, britain/russia
Who are the Central powers??
germany, austria-hungary, ottoman empire
who are the allied powers?
Britain, france, russia, italy (1915-16), US (1917), japan (pacific)
examples of naval warfare in WWI
british royal navy superior to German, britain wanted to destroy high seas fleet . Germany relied on commerce raiding and U-boats successful
describe the battle of Jutland
1916, superior british fleet failed to inflict serious losses on germany
british command strategy behind technology
results in creation of combat information centers (CIC), tactical loss for British
why did US join great war?
remained “neutral in thought and deed” from 1914-1917. Germans sink british passenger cruise vessel RMS LUSITANIA(7 MAY 1915) with 128 Americans onboard
U-boats sank several US merchant ships despite neutrality, US declared war on Germany in Apr 1917
US navy contributions to WWI
convoy system to combat u-boats.
20-25 merchant vessels 6-8 destroyers
changed from “hunt and kill” patrols
who mentioned the effectiveness of the convoy system?
“the effect of the implementation of the convoy system was immediate and dramatic. Losses dropped from 20% to .5%” Craig L symonds, the Naval institute historical atlas of the US NAVY
End of war (1918)
germany & austria defeated by might of Britain, france and US, Mahanian doctrine yielded mixed real world results because U-boats were effective, but not war winning
What was the treaty of versaille?
1919 France: creation of buffer state between france and germany, sever reparations
England: supported some reparations, wanted Germany as a trading partner
US: Wilson’s 14 points
treaty of versaille outcomes
freedom of the seas, illegality of blockades, aggressive shipbuilding, League of Nations, all 3 nations agreed restriction of Germany’s military power, independent nations, Carthagian peace: treaty too harsh on germany, laid groundwork for WWII
why was the battle of jutland so significant?
- was the only major naval battle of WWI and challenged some of Mahan’s theories
- strategic victory for the Entente due to the outcome forcing German navy back to port for the remainder of the war
- showed the importance of proper employment of tech. the british fleet was handicapped by the commanders inability to utilize new tech to fullest capbabilities
US Navy’s future post WWI
Major navy building began: 1919
1. naval act of 1916
2. emphasis back on capital ships
3. need for a large fleet to protect both coasts
4. planned to rival and eclipse royal navy
But 1920 administrations start to challenge these ideas
five power naval limitation treaty
capital ship tonnage ratio limit: US, britain, japan, france and italy: 5-5-3-1.7-1.7. no limits to cruisers and destroyers, non-fortification of pacific possessions
what was the significance of the washington naval conference?
1921-1922
Issues: Security of possessions in the pacific , dislike of Anglo-Japanese alliance (1902)
Proposals: dramatic proposal for disarmament. immediate 10 year holiday on construction of new capital ships, scrapping of already commissioned ships, appeasement to congress cutting military after WWI
four power treaty
US, UK, FRANCE, JAPAN terminated anglo-japanese 1902, respect far eastern possessions of other countries, mutual consultation in crisis
nine power treaty
us, BRITAIN, japan, france, italy, china, belgium, netherlands, portugal, gaurantees open door in China
tech advancements
aircraft carriers, USS RANGER, modern operational radio communications, sub increased range
what were the effects of the five power treaty
- limited the 5 largest navies: UK, US, japan, france, italy) in the world in order to prevent an arms race
- placed tonnage limits, and tonnage ratios on their respective fleets
- did not place limits on secondary ships such as submarine and aircraft carriers
- placed limits on max size gun ships could carry
