8.2 1815-1898 antebellum SpAm war Flashcards
gunboat diplomacy
post 1812 navy increased popularity after war, protects America’s commerce
“The settlement has been dictated at the mouths of our cannons”
Commodore Stephen Decatur 2nd Barbary war
Moncroe doctrine 1823
prevented european colonization and intervention in the americas. in return, US would not meddle with existing European colonies
Primary mission of the Navy
“showing the flag”
“gunboat diplomacy”
mex-american war causes
texas declared independence from mexico (1836)
texas became part of U.S. (1845)
border dispute w/ Mex. Neuces vs Rio Grande. Mex army ambush US 1846.
Mex-Am war 1846-1848
Mex-Am war strategy
command of the sea. blockade and capture mex ports and cities, army/marines/navy in CA. EXAMPLE OF Guerre d’Escadre
Mex-Am war key battles
veracruz (1847) ex of joint forces w/ Army Chapultec (1847) “Halls of Montezuma”
Mex-Am war results
Treaty of Guadalupe hidalgo, bicoastal nation, initial Navy growth, joint ops w/ Mexico, people lose interest in navy
treaty of guadalupe hidalgo
US gets CA, NM, UT, NV, AZ, and parts of CO and WY. RIO GRANDE established tex mex border
Perry’s expedition to Japan 1853
president Fillmore desired to expand trade in Pacific, forceful diplomacy opened Japanese ports (Gunboat diplomacy)
french gloire
wooden hull clad with iron armor . steam propulsion in addition to sails
USS MONITOR
iron hull with screw type steam propulsion, able to sink wooden ships without taking damage. 2 dahlgren guns
Significance of CDRE matthew perry’s Japanese expedition
- Japan closed off to western world for centures.
- president fillmore desired to expand trade in the Pacific
- Forceful diplomacy opened Japanese ports (Gunboat diplomacy)
Outcomes of Mex-Am War
treaty of guadalupe hidalgo (1848)
Rio Grande established Texas border
Western United States ceded from Mexico ($15mm), US gains CA, UT, NV, NM, AZ parts of CO and WY
Two key advancements in Naval tech during the Antebellum period
New more deadly cannons (dalhgren Gun)
decline of saile rise of steam
wooden ships replaced with iron
Civil War causes
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)
Dred scott case (1857) African American descent could not sue as American citizens
7 states seceded after Lincoln elected
1861 Confederate forces attacked ft. Sumter
Union Naval strategy
anaconda plan, general winfield scott
confederate strategy
win british aid
attrition warfare
guerre d’course
privateering
three naval theaters
Blue Water Campaign confederate commerce raiders
atlantic and gulf coast campaign - hampton roads
inland rivers campaign - vicksburg
CSS FLORIDA
ran union blockade, supplied mobile bay, alabama
captured 38 union vessels
CSS ALABAMA
raided union commerce globally
captured 68 Union vessels
sunk at Cherbourg, France
duel with USS KEARSAGE
CSS VIRGINIA
raised and refurbished USS MERIMACK
added iron armor and ram
HAMPTON ROADS (1862)
CSS VIRGINIA vs USS MONITOR. tactical DRAW, strategic UNION victory, rotating turret changed naval warfare forever
battle of mobile bay (1864)
Admiral David Glasgow Farragut. First admiral of US navy. torpedo buoys “damn the torpedos full speed ahead”
battle of vicksburg
siege of vicksburg, joint navy-army venture to control Miss river. naval support: gunfire, troop transport, logistical reinforcement, Lincoln”the key to victory” Adm david porter (CONFEDERATE) vs GEN ulysses grant (UNION)
CIVIL WAR CONCLUSION
North: victorious in the war & preserves the union, effective joint Navy-Army ventures, Offensive naval warfare
South: southern infrastruture and society DESTROYED, commerce raiding had limited effectiveness
technological innovations (civil war)
torpedos, rams, armor, submarine, CSS HUNLEY, first combat effective sub
1865-1870 post civil war navy
decline of navy, 700 to 52 ships, isolationism due to priorities : reconstruction of south, north industrialization ,Navy mission reduced to coastal defense, protect maritime trade overseas
naval tech advances late 19th century
first steel hulled warships, abcd cruiser, compartmentalization
new gunnery
smokeless powder and cartridge shells
first battleships built
heavily armored, large main battery (turret) with numerous guns of various size
chief petty officer rank
april 1st 1893
spanish-american causes
cuban revolution (1895-1898) spanish brutally suprressed Cuban rebels, US threatened to intervene
USS MAINE explosion Feb 1898, sunk the ship and killed 268 sailors in havana harbor, american press blames spain. Apr 1898 war is declared
spanish american strategy
spanish empire spans pacific and atlantic: cuba, puerto rico, phillipines, guam.
Navy forced to fight in both oceans, but had technological and numerical advantage
manila bay
spanish admiral montojo took squadron to subic bay only to discover commander needed 6 weeks to prepare. they tried to anchor in shallow waters because underprepared. Americans came and shelled them
santiago de cuba
american blockade, spanish troops running low on fuel and coal. tried to make a break for it, but got destroyed and only 2 made it out in the early morning but then US caught up to one and the other was ran aground
spanish american war: us empire established
“splendid little war” coaling stations (1898)
Puerto rico
Guam
phillippines
cuba (guantanamo bay)
annexed:
Hawaii
wake island
samoa
What is an example of gunboat diplomacy?
Barbary war resolution
primary mission of the navy during antebellum period (perry and Japan)
Examples of joint navy-army operations
Veracruz, Vicksburg
