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RT 210 > 8.2 Film Processing 2 > Flashcards

8.2 Film Processing 2 Flashcards

1
Q

• Special curved plates made of either plastic or metal are
positioned at the sides and bottom of the master roller
and are called

A

guide shoes

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2
Q

support the transport rollers and

turnaround assemblies

A

Transport Racks

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3
Q

can be removed for cleaning or maintenance

A

Transport Racks

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4
Q

After the film travels to the top of the transport rack, it
passes between _____ rollers that remove excess
chemicals or water before the film enters the next tank

A

squeegee

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5
Q

An electric motor and a system of gears,
chains, sprockets, belts and pulleys provide mechanical
power and motion in the transport system

A

Drive Motor

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6
Q

Any _____ of the components or change in the speed
of the motor causes improper film processing and poor
image quality

A

slippage

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7
Q

Proper ____ temperature is

required to properly convert the latent image to a manifest image

A

developer

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8
Q

Variations of greater than _____ from
the temperature recommended by the film
manufacturer will result in a manifest image that either
has too much or too little density

A

±5 degrees Fahrenheit

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9
Q

controlled by recirculation pumps that
agitate the processing solutions to keep them mixed, to
maintain constant temperature throughout the solutions and to
assist the exposure of the film’s emulsion to the processing
chemicals or water as it passes through the developer, fixer and
wash tanks

A

Recirculation System

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10
Q

The dryer system consists of:

A

blower, ventilation ducts, vented

dryer tubes and an exhaust system

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11
Q

draws in room air and passes it over heating coils. The heated air then enters the ventilation ducts and dryer
tubes, and then blows over the surface of the film emerging
from the wash tank

A

blower

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12
Q

are made of plastic and are hollow.
Small slots that face the film as it travels down and up
through the dryer section are cut into the tubes

A

dryer tubes

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13
Q

the processor contains electrical
circuits that power its drive motors and temperature
control system

A

Electrical System

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14
Q

can be defined as the amount of
time required for the leading edge of the film to enter
and the trailing edge of the film to exit the processor

A

PROCESSING RATE

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15
Q

PROCESSING RATE e is commonly called the

A

drop time

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16
Q

The total processing rate should not vary more than ____ of the
time specified by the manufacturer

A

± 2%

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17
Q

Conventional general-purpose automatic processor used
in medical imaging departments today process a
radiographic film in approximately ___

A

90 seconds

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18
Q

enables film
processing without the need for a conventional
darkroom

A

DAYLIGHT AUTOMATIC PROCESSORS

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19
Q

that are compatible with the daylight system are used

A

Special daylight cassettes

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20
Q

DAYLIGHT AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR

A

1.) Unexposed films or various sizes are stored in a loading
dispenser located within the daylight processor unit.
2.) The cassette is inserted into the processing unit where
the exposed film is automatically removed and a new film
is loaded into the cassette.
3.) The exposed film is transported to the processor

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21
Q

The main advantage of a ______ is increased

departmental efficiency

A

daylight system

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22
Q

Other advantages: daylight system elimination of the need for a darkroom or trained darkroom personnel

A

daylight system

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23
Q

• Disadvantages: Mechanical failure and artifacts cause

by mechanical components of the film transport system

A

daylight system

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24
Q

Another disadvantage: Cost

A

daylight system

25
Q

is important to prevent particulate

matter from producing artifacts on processed films

A

Routine cleaning

26
Q

is often realized as a decrease in

radiographic image quality

A

Processor malfunction

27
Q

Other indications of processor malfunctions are:

A

-Film jamming
-Audible cheering of the transport rack system or drive motor
subsystem
-Electrical power failure

28
Q

Factors Causing Excessive Image Density

A
  • Developer temperature too high
  • Developer overreplenishment
  • Developer contaminated with fixer
  • Processor running too slow
  • Developer improperly mixed
  • Processor light leak
29
Q

Factors causing Insufficient Image Density

A
  • Developer temperature too low
  • Developer underreplenishment; exhausted developer
  • Processor running too fast
  • Developer improperly mixed
30
Q

is an unwanted, irregular density or mark

seen on a radiograph

A

Artifact

31
Q

Artifacts Running Parallel to Film Travel Through

Automatic Processor

A
  1. ) Guide Shoe Marks

2. ) Entrance Roller Marks

32
Q

Possible Radiographic Appearance (PRA): Evenly spaced plus-density lines
Cause: Excessive pressure
from misaligned guide shoes

A

Guide Shoe Marks

33
Q

obvious density lines

A

Plus-density lines

34
Q

not obvious density lines

A

Minus-density lines

35
Q

Possible Radiographic Appearance (PRA): Evenly spaced minus-density lines
Cause(s): Misalignment of guide shoes; emulsion scratched
off base

A

Guide Shoe Marks

36
Q

Possible Radiographic Appearance (PRA): Plus-density lines
Cause(s): Excessive pressure from entrance rollers or
moisture on entrance rollers

A

Entrance Roller Marks

37
Q

Artifacts Running Perpendicular to Film travel Through

Automatic Processor

A
  1. Hesitation Marks
  2. Chatter Marks
  3. Pi Lines
38
Q

Possible Radiographic Appearance (PRA): Plus-density lines(s) usually seen near leading edge
of film
Cause(s): Malfunctioning gears or loose chain; warped
rollers

A

Hesitation Marks

39
Q

Possible Radiographic Appearance (PRA): Plus-density lines evenly spaced
Cause(s): Loose drive gears, chain or developer-to-fixer crossover
rack assembly

A

Chatter Marks

40
Q

Possible Radiographic Appearance (PRA): Plus-density lines spaced 3.14 inches apart
Cause(s): Dirty rollers, emulsion build-up on rollers; developer
solution level too low causing incomplete immersion of top rollers
of transport roller rack assembly

A

Pi Lines

41
Q

Random Processing Artifacts

A
  1. Water Spots
  2. Pick-Off
  3. Brown Tint
42
Q

PRA: Dull, superficial and irregular spots or streaks seen best
with reflected light
Cause: Malfunctioning squeegee rollers from wash tank, clogged
dryer tube(s)

A

Water Spots

43
Q

PRA: Small, randomly spaced minus-density spots
Cause(s): Rough or dirty rollers lifting small pieces of emulsion off
base

A

Pick-Off

44
Q

PRA: Emulsion has brown appearance
Cause: Inadequate film washing

A

Brown Tint

45
Q

Film Handling Artifacts

A
  1. Scratches

2. Static Marks

46
Q

PRA: Linear minus-density marks
Cause(s): Dropping film on the floor; sliding film on dirty feed
tray; careless insertion of film in film bin or during cassette
loading

A

Scratches

47
Q

PRA: Plus-density marks that may appear randomly across the
film (3 common types are smudge, crown and tree static)
Causes(s): Low humidity; inadequate grounding of workbench;
careless handling of film such as rapidly removing film from
cassette or film bin

A

Static Marks

48
Q

Unexposed and Undeveloped Silver Halide Crystals are

removed by the ___ solution

A

fixer

49
Q

Silver Recovery by _____ is achieved by passing an
electrical current through two electrodes that are
submerged in a bucket that received the used fixer
solution

A

electrolysis

50
Q

• 1 electrode is positively charged (anode) and the other
electrode is negatively charged (cathode).
• The cathode will attract the silver (positively charged)
and the cathode becomes silver-plated

A

Electrolytic Recovery

51
Q

When the electrical current is turned off, the silver is scraped off the ____ and sold

A

cathode

52
Q

One advantage: desilvered fixer can be recirculated for

repeated use

A

SILVER RECOVERY

53
Q

There are 2 methods of chemical silver recovery:

A
  1. ) Metallic placement

2. ) Precipitation Method

54
Q

involves passing silver-bearing

fixer solution into a bucket containing steel wool

A

Metallic placement

55
Q

• The fixer solution causes the steel wool to give up electrons to
the positively charged silver ions to form metallic silver.
• The metallic silver either attaches to the steel wool or settles to
the bottom of the bucket in the form of sludge

A

Metallic placement

56
Q

fixer solution is precipitated as

silver sulfide by adding sodium sulfide to the solution

A

Precipitation Method

57
Q

The chemical reaction between sodium sulfide and silver
bromide produces silver sulfide, which _____ out of
solution

A

precipitates

58
Q

• Although this method of silver recovery is very efficient,

toxic fumes are produced

A

Precipitation Method

59
Q

Because toxic fumes are produced, and the fact that silver
sulfide sludge is difficult to handle and dry, this method of
silver recovery is rarely used in medical imaging
departments

A

Precipitation Method

RT 210 (9 decks)

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