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RT 210 > 3. Radiographic Film > Flashcards

3. Radiographic Film Flashcards

1
Q

conventional image

receptor

A

Radiographic Film

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2
Q

the medium that

records the image

A

Radiographic Film

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3
Q

Radiographic Film has 2 main parts:

A

base and emulsion

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4
Q

Radiographic Film is approximately

A

150-300µm

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5
Q

Radiographic Film layers

A

SEAF

  1. Supercoat
  2. Emulsion
  3. Adhesive layer
  4. Film base
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6
Q

primary purpose is to
provide a rigid structure
onto which the emulsion can be coated

A

Base

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7
Q

reduces eyestrain and fatigue, enhancing radiologists’ diagnostic
efficiency and accuracy

A

Dye

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8
Q

Radiographic Film: Base was originally made of

A

glass plates

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9
Q

replaced glass plates but

was flammable, resulted in severe hospital fires during the 1920s and early 1930s

A

Cellulose nitrate

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10
Q

similar to cellulose
nitrate but not as flammable;
“safety base”, was introduced in 1920

A

Cellulose triacetate

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11
Q

became base of choice in the early 1960s because of its superior dimensional stability

A

Polyester

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12
Q

Heart of the radiographic film

A

Emulsion

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13
Q

consists of a homogenous mixture of

gelatin and silver halide crystals; 3-5µm

A

Emulsion

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14
Q

is clear and porous and serves to

hold the crystals in place

A

Gelatin

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15
Q

Radiographic Film: Emulsion active ingredient

A

Silver halide crystal (98% Silver Bromide, Silver Iodide)

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16
Q

Tabular; 0.1 µm thick, 1µm in diameter

A

Emulsion

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17
Q 
Sensitivity center (photoelectrons
\+ silver ions) = latent image center
A

Silver sulfide

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18
Q

TYPES OF FILM

A
  • Screen-Film
  • Direct-Exposure Film
  • Mammography Film
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19
Q

this type of film uses intensifying screens

A

Screen-Film

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20
Q

depends on size and

distribution of crystals

A

Contrast (Screen-Film)

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21
Q

small grains relatively uniform in size

A

High-contrast emulsion (Screen-Film)

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22
Q

large

grains that vary in sizes

A

Low-contrast emulsion (Screen-Film)

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23
Q

is the sensitivity of the screen-film combination to x-rays and light

A

Speed

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24
Q

speed is principally a function of the concentration and the total number of silver
halide crystals

A

Direct-exposure film

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25
Q

silver halide grain size,

shape, and concentration are the principal determinants of film speed

A

Screen-film

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26
Q

is the exposure of an emulsion caused by light from the opposite
radiographic intensifying screen

A

Crossover (Screen-film)

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27
Q

The crossover control layer has three critical

characteristics:

A

(1) It absorbs most of the crossover light,
(2) it does not diffuse into the emulsion but remains as a separate layer,
(3) it is completely removed during
processing

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28
Q

correctly matching the color sensitivity of the film to the color emission of the
intensifying screen

A

Spectral Matching

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29
Q

the color of light produced by a particular intensifying screen

A

Spectral emission

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30
Q

emit blue and blue-violet light

A

Calcium Tungstate

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31
Q

emit ultraviolet, blue,

green, and red

A

Rare Earth Screens

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32
Q

the color of light to which a particular film is most sensitive

A

Spectral Sensitivity

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33
Q

green sensitive film

A

Orthochromatic film

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34
Q

sensitive to entire visible

light spectrum

A

Panchromatic film

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35
Q

provide enough light to illuminate the darkroom

while ensuring that the film remains unexposed

A

Safelights

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36
Q

Safelights ____ bulb, no closer than ____ from work surfaces

A

15W,

3-4ft

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37
Q

amber safelights (550nm)

A

Blue sensitive film

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38
Q

red filter (600nm)

A

Green sensitive film and Blue sensitive film

39
Q

manufactured for use without intensifying screens

A

Direct Exposure Film

40
Q

thick emulsion with high concentration of silver halide crystals

A

Direct Exposure Film

41
Q

single-emulsion film designed to be exposed with a single

intensifying screen

A

Mammography Film

42
Q

Mammography Film uses

A

green-emitting terbium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide screens with green-sensitive film

43
Q

Reflections at boundaries between film

emulsion, film base, intensifying screens, and cassette surfaces

A

halation

44
Q

undesired marks or spurious images that

sometimes appear on processed radiographs

A

Artifacts

45
Q

Heat and Humidity - stored at temperatures of _____

and a relative humidity of ____

A

55-75° F (13-24°C),

30-60%

46
Q

The fog level for unprocessed film is approximately

A

2 μGya (0.2 mR)

47
Q

In most x-ray film, the emulsion is coated on both sides; therefore, it is called

A

double-emulsion film

48
Q

Between the emulsion and the base is a
thin coating of material called the _____, which
ensures uniform adhesion of the emulsion to the base.

A

adhesive layer

49
Q

allows the emulsion and the base to

maintain proper contact and integrity during use and processing

A

adhesive layer

50
Q

The emulsion is enclosed by a protective covering of gelatin called the

A

overcoat

51
Q

protects the emulsion from scratches, pressure, and contamination
during handling, processing, and storage

A

overcoat

52
Q

is the foundation of radiographic film

A

base

53
Q

flexible and fracture resistant to allow easy handling but is rigid enough to be snapped into a view box

A

base

54
Q

The base of radiographic film maintains its size and
shape during use and processing so that it does not contribute to image distortion. This property of the base
is known as _____

A

dimensional stability

55
Q

is of uniform lucency and is nearly transparent to light

A

base

56
Q

Radiologists used to refer to radiographs as

A

x-ray plates

57
Q

is more resistant to

warping from age and is stronger than cellulose triacetate, permitting easier transport through automatic processors

A

Polyester

58
Q

are thinner than triacetate bases (≈175 µm) but are just as strong.

A

Polyester

59
Q

It is the material with which x-rays or light photons from

radiographic intensifying screens interact

A

Emulsion

60
Q

The arrangement of atoms in the crystal is

A

cubic

61
Q

It is clear, so it
transmits light, and it is sufficiently porous for
processing chemicals to penetrate to the crystals of silver
halide

A

Emulsion

62
Q

Types of Film Used in Medical Imaging

A
  1. Intensifying screen
  2. Laser printing
  3. Copy or duplicating
  4. Dental
  5. Radiation monitoring
  6. Dry transfer
63
Q

Intensifying screen emulsion

A

Two

64
Q

Laser printing emulsion

A

Single with antihalation

backing

65
Q

Copy or duplicating emulsion

A

Single with antihalation

backing

66
Q

Dental emulsion

A

Two packed in sealed

envelope

67
Q

Radiation monitoring emulsion

A

Two packed in sealed

envelope

68
Q

Dry transfer emulsion

A

One

69
Q

Blue or green sensitive

A

Intensifying screen

70
Q

Matches laser used (≈630 nm)

A

Laser printing

71
Q

Pre-exposed

A

Copy or duplicating

72
Q

Has lead foil to reduce back scatter

A

Dental

73
Q

One emulsion can be

sloughed off to increase OD scale

A

Radiation monitoring

74
Q

Thermally sensitive

A

Dry transfer

75
Q

General radiography

A

Intensifying screen

76
Q

attached to
CT, MRI, ultrasonography,
and so on

A

Laser printing

77
Q

Duplicating radiographs

A

Copy or duplicating

78
Q

Dentistry

A

Dental

79
Q

“Dry” printers

A

Dry transfer

80
Q

SILVER HALIDE CRYSTAL FORMATION

A

AgNO3 + KBr → AgBr ↓(precipitated) + KNO3

81
Q

The type of
imperfection thought to be responsible is a chemical contaminant, usually _____, which is introduced
by chemical sensitization into the crystal lattice, usually at or near the surface.
This contaminant has been given the name

A

silver sulfide,

sensitivity center

82
Q

During exposure, ______ are attracted to these sensitivity centers, where they combine to form a latent image center of metallic
silver

A

photoelectrons and silver

ions

83
Q

The size and concentration of silver halide crystals primarily affect

A

film speed

84
Q

mammography, video recording, duplication, subtraction, cineradiography, and dental radiology

A

nonscreen film and special application film

85
Q

The contrast of an IR is _____ to its exposure latitude, that is, the range of exposure techniques that produce an acceptable
image

A

inversely proportional

86
Q

are more sensitive than

small-grain emulsions

A

Large-grain emulsions

87
Q

This more efficient use of silver in the emulsion is called the _____ of the emulsion

A

covering power

88
Q

Crossover is reduced by adding a dye to the

base; reduces crossover to near zero; this is called a

A

crossover control layer

89
Q

Tabular grain emulsions reduce ____ because the covering power is increased, which relates not only to light absorption from the screen (which is increased) but also to light transmitted through the emulsion to cause crossover (which is reduced)

A

crossover

90
Q

absorbing dye is an ____ coating

A

antihalation

91
Q

Radiographic film should be stored at temperatures lower than approximately

A

20°C (68°F)

92
Q

is the dull, uniform OD that appears if
the film has been inadvertently exposed to light, x-rays,
heat, or humidity

A

Film fog

93
Q

the range of exposure techniques that produce an acceptable

image

A

exposure latitude

RT 210 (9 decks)

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