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RT 210 > 8.1 Film Processing Part 2 > Flashcards

8.1 Film Processing Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

is the first step in wet processing a film

A

Developing

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2
Q

At this stage silver is

deposited at the latent image sites and an image becomes visible

A

Developing

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3
Q

The primary agents of the developer are two ______ agents, although
automatic radiographic developer solutions also include an activator,
restrainer, preservative, hardener, and water as a solvent

A

reducing

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4
Q

Developer time in 90-sec Processor

A

20-25 sec

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5
Q

The action of the ______ is controlled by the immersion time, solution
temperature, and chemical activity

A

developer

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6
Q

provide electrons to the silver ions attached to the

sensitivity specks of the silver halide crystals (the latent image)

A

Reducing agents

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7
Q

Silver halides have negative exteriors (where bromine and iodine ions are located) and positive interiors (where silver ions are located). This
arrangement effectively prohibits the _____ agent from supplying
electrons to the silver ions because the bromine and iodine repel electrons

A

reducing

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8
Q

reduces latent image to visible black metallic silver

A

Developer

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9
Q

rapidly produces fine detail shades of gray (Developer)

A

Phenidone (Reducing Agent)

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10
Q

slowly produces heavy densities

A

Hydroquinone (Reducing Agent)

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11
Q

produces alkaline pH, swells gelatin (Developer)

A

Sodium carbonate (Activator)

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12
Q

decreases reducing agent activity, antifogging agent (Developer)

A

Potassium bromide (Restainer)

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13
Q

controls oxidation, buffer agent (Developer)

A

Sodium sulfite (Preservative)

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14
Q

hardens emulsion, reduces gelatin swelling (Developer)

A

Glutaraldehyde (Hardener)

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15
Q

dissolves chemicals for use (Developer)

A

Water (Solvent)

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16
Q

However, when a sensitivity speck has attracted silver ions, a gate exists through which
the interior of the crystal can be supplied with electrons. When a silver ion obtains an
extra electron, it is converted to a stable black metallic silver atom. _____ is
actually the process of the reducing agents giving up electrons to neutralize the positive
silver ions

A

Reduction

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17
Q

The secret to the production of the various densities is that the sensitivity speck gate
will be larger when more silver ions are deposited at the speck during exposure. A
larger gate permits ____ reduction of the internal silver atoms. When the reduction
process is stopped at the appropriate time, the silver halides have accumulated black
metallic silver in proportion to the size of the sensitivity speck gate

A

faster

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18
Q

is used to describe development when these factors

cause unexposed silver halides to be reduced

A

chemical fog

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19
Q

Those silver halide crystals that have fewer than ____ silver atoms on their
sensitivity specks are unable to open a gate and remain unreduced
(undeveloped).

A

three

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20
Q

Each reduced silver atom is accompanied by a liberated bromine ion with a
_____ charge. A bromide ion barrier is created when too many liberated
bromine ions are permitted to accumulate. They may produce sufficient
charge to repel reducing agents and effectively stop silver halide
development

A

negative

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21
Q

known as P developer

A

phenidone

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22
Q

known as Q

developer

A

hydroquinone

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23
Q

quickly reduces silver, enhancing fine detail and

subtle shades of gray, and works only in areas of light exposure

A

phenidone

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24
Q

replaces the function of metol (often known by the Kodak brand
name Elon) in manual processing

A

phenidone

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25
Q

slowly reduces silver and produces heavy density

A

Hydroquinone

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26
Q

When the two reducing agents are combined, forming a PQ
developer, their reducing ability is greater than the sum of their
independent abilities. This is a synergistic phenomenon known as
______

A

superadditivity

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27
Q

are opposite processes

A

Oxidation and reduction

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28
Q

X loses electrons,

X is oxidized by Y (becomes more positive)

A

Reducing agent

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29
Q

Y gains electrons,

Y is reduced by X (becomes more negative)

A

Oxidizing agent

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30
Q

reduces the strength of the developer

solution

A

oxidation/reduction process

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31
Q

As developer _____, it changes color, first to a deep amber, then
to brown, and, finally, to a thick, rust red

A

oxidizes

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32
Q

The action of the reducing agents is enhanced by maintaining the developer
solution in an alkaline state (around pH 10.0–10.5) by using an
_____, usually _____

A

activator,

sodium carbonate

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33
Q

may also be used as an activator

A

Potassium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide

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34
Q

also assists the reducers in reaching the silver

halides by causing the gelatin to swell and become more permeable

A

activator

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35
Q

is caustic, and therefore rubber gloves and an apron should be
worn when handling developer solutions

A

activator

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36
Q

s also added to the developer to

restrict the reducing action to those crystals with sensitivity speck gates

A

restrainer, usually potassium bromide

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37
Q

is used as a preservative agent to help decrease the

oxidation of the reducing agents when they are combined with air

A

Sodium sulfite

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38
Q

is the most common developer solution hardener. It controls
the swelling of the gelatin to prevent scratches and abrasions to the
emulsion during processing

A

Glutaraldehyde

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39
Q

It also maintains uniform film thickness to assist in transport through an
automatic processor

A

Glutaraldehyde

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40
Q

Excessive _____ may cause the emulsion to harden prematurely,
preventing chemical interactions with the silver halides and trapping
moisture in the gelatin

A

hardener

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41
Q

The chemicals are suspended in water as a ____

A

solvent

42
Q

The water used for

mixing chemistry should be filtered to remove impurities (a _____ filter is recommended).

A

5–10 μm

43
Q

is the only solution that is dramatically affected by

contamination

A

Developer

44
Q

Only ___ percent fixer in a developer tank will destroy the

ability of the reducing agents (10 ml in a 2.5 gallon [10 liter] tank).

A

0.1

45
Q

Films processed in contaminated developer appear extremely ____ (they
exhibit extremely low contrast).

A

gray

46
Q

requires total dumping, washing, refilling, and
seasoning of the developer tank. When cleaning a processor, the fixer tank
should always be filled first.

A

Developer contamination

47
Q

Evaporation of solutions can also cause _____. Due to the heat
necessary for processing, solutions evaporate and condense on the
processor lid.

A

contamination

48
Q

To prevent contamination, the processor lid should be propped ____
whenever the processor is not in use. Splashing or evaporation of developer
into the fixer tank does not cause contamination

A

open

49
Q

If a film is exposed to light ____ development, the unreduced silver halides
will open gates and be converted to black metallic silver. This is seen as a slow blackening of the film, which obscures the image

A

after

50
Q

Undeveloped silver halides must be removed from the emulsion to
permanently ___ the image before exposure to light for viewing

A

fix

51
Q

This important step in fixing is accomplished by using a clearing agent that bonds
with the unexposed silver halides and removes them from the emulsion.
The primary agent of the fixer is the ____ agent, although automatic
radiographic fixer solutions also include an activator, preservative,
hardener, and water as a solvent

A

clearing

52
Q

Fixer time in 90-sec processor

A

20 sec

53
Q

stops reduction and removes undeveloped silver halides

from emulsion

A

Fixer

54
Q

removes undeveloped silver halides from emulsion (Fixer)

A

ammonium thiosulfate (clearing agent)

55
Q

provides acidic pH, stops reduction (Fixer)

A

acetic acid (activator)

56
Q

hardens emulsion (Fixer)

A

potassium alum (hardener)

57
Q

maintains pH (Fixer)

A

sodium sulfite (preservative)

58
Q

dissolves chemicals (Fixer)

A

water (solvent)

59
Q

Wash time in 90-sec processor

A

20 sec

60
Q

removes excess chemicals (Wash)

A

water (solvent)

61
Q

Dry time in 90-sec processor

A

20-30 sec

62
Q

removes developing and fixing chemicals

A

Wash

63
Q

removes water and seals emulsion

A

Dry

64
Q

evaporates water and hardens emulsion

A

hot air

65
Q

Nearly all fixer solutions use _____ as the clearing (fixing)
agent (also known by the term “hypo”)

A

ammonium thiosulfate

66
Q

uses silver in the emulsion to form ammonium
thiosilversulfate. Within 5–10 seconds after the clearing agent has begun
to function, the film can be exposed to full room light for inspection without
damage to the image

A

ammonium thiosulfate

67
Q

If the fixer has not completely cleared the film of unexposed silver halides,
the film will have a _____ appearance. The clearing time is defined as twice
the time necessary for the milky appearance to disappear

A

milky

68
Q

In a 90-second automatic processor, the clearing time is usually _____, whereas manual processing may take _____

A

15–20 seconds,

2–3 minutes

69
Q

is used as the activator in the fixer. It maintains an acidic pH
(4.0–4.5) to enhance the functioning of the clearing agent

A

Acetic acid

70
Q 
It also serves as a stop bath to keep the reducing agents from continuing to
function when the film is immersed in the fixer
A

Acetic acid

71
Q

Recall that reducing agents function in an alkaline solution. An acidic solution will _____ and thereby stop the alkaline developing solution
from continuing its reduction of the silver halides

A

neutralize

72
Q

The fixer uses the same preservative as the developer-

A

sodium sulfite

73
Q

It dissolves silver from the ammonium thiosilversulfate, thus permitting it to
continue to remove silver from the emulsion

A

Preservative

74
Q

The hardener in the fixer must function in an ___ environment

A

acidic

75
Q

is effective only in an alkaline solution, so fixer hardeners
are aluminum chloride, chromium alum, or potassium alum.

A

Glutaraldehyde

76
Q

The _____ serves the same purpose as glutaraldehyde in the
developer—prevention of scratches and abrasions to the emulsion during
processing and maintenance of a uniform thickness of the film during
transport

A

hardener

77
Q

should be filtered and treated

A

Water

78
Q

After a time, the fixer solution will become saturated with silver ions from
the emulsion. The solution slowly becomes unable to accept additional
silver and requires a longer clearing time

A

Depletion

79
Q

The archiving process is composed of two steps:

A

washing and drying

80
Q

prepares the film for long-term storage as a medical record by
protecting it from deterioration by chemicals, fading, and physical forces

A

Archiving

81
Q

uses water to remove as much of the fixer and

developer solutions as possible

A

washing process

82
Q

The water temperature in washing should be slightly ____ than the temperature of the
other solutions _____ because some processors use the
water to help control temperature fluctuations in the developer and fixer

A

lower,

about 5°F or 3°C lower

83
Q

Both fixer and developer solutions contain chemicals that, even in _____
concentrations, can damage the image over time. Because most of the
developer action is stopped by the acidic pH of the fixer, the main concern
is removing the fixer from the emulsion

A

weak

84
Q

will increase the efficiency of the wash

A

Warm water

85
Q

especially those not made of stainless steel, are susceptible to algae and
bacteria growth during periods when the processor is turned off

A

Wash tanks

86
Q

is done by forcing hot air over both sides of the film as it begins its
exit from the processor

A

Drying

87
Q

Drying temperature

A

ranges from 120–150°F (43–65°C)

88
Q

Proper storage is a critical part of the archiving process. The length of time
an original radiograph is stored is usually ___, depending on
institutional policies and applicable laws

A

5–7 years

89
Q

Processed radiographs should be stored at about _____ and

_____ humidity

A

70°F (23°C),

60 percent

90
Q

THE AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR

Main systems are:

A
  1. ) Transport system
  2. ) Temperature control system
  3. ) Recirculation system
  4. ) Replenishment system
  5. ) Dryer system
  6. ) Electrical system
91
Q

When the radiographic film is advanced slightly while on the
feed tray, ____ grab the film and draw it into the
developer tank

A

entrance rollers

92
Q

The entrance rollers separate slightly as the film passes
between them activating a _____ that controls the
replenishment of the processing chemicals

A

microswitch

93
Q

When the film completely passes through the entrance rollers
and into the developer tank, the microswitch disengages and
the safelight is turned ___, indicating it is safe to open the
darkroom door

A

on

94
Q

Single films should be placed ______ (the film’s short axis is
parallel to the side rails of the feed tray) whenever possible,
that is, only if the transversely placed film can lie flat between
the side rails of the tray as it is fed into the automatic processor

A

transversely

95
Q

carries the radiographic film
through the developer, the fixer, the washer, the dryer
and finally into the receiving bin

A

transport system

96
Q

The SUBSYSTEMS of the transport system are:

A

rollers,

transport racks and drive motor

97
Q

positioned along the front and back
portions of the transport racks, are 1 inch in diameter and
are either positioned directly across from each other or
offset

A

Transport rollers

98
Q

These rollers propel the film down and up through the

transport racks of each processor tank

A

Transport rollers

99
Q

Positioned at the bottom of each transport rack is a

A

turnaround assembly

100
Q

It contains a 3 inches master, or solar roller surrounded

by planetary rollers

A

turnaround assembly

RT 210 (9 decks)

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