7. Film Processing Flashcards by Dana Athena Augusto

THE PROCESSING AREA

2 main sections:

Processing section

2. Viewing section

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Most modern medical imaging departments use

______ and most of these are _____

automatic processors,

daylight processors

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The basic components of a darkroom include:

) An automatic processor
) Workbench
) A film bin
) Storage shelves

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Only 1 side is located inside the darkroom

Automatic processor

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where the cassettes are placed for unloading and loading of film

Workbench

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Top surface should be made of a durable, static-resistant material.

Workbench

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is used to store films that have been removed from their light-tight boxes in which are shipped

Film bin

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They are placed in the ___ so they can be easily accessed

to re-load emptied cassettes

bin

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contains individual slots that vary in depth

and hold various sizes of radiographic film

film bin

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The largest films are placed in the ____ slot while the

smallest films are placed in the ___

front,

back

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are commonly located either under the

workbench

Storage shelves

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These shelves are used to store boxes of

radiographic films

Storage shelves

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Darkrooms have

2 types of lights:

White lights and

Safelights

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are used for equipment repair and darkroom cleaning

White lights

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are used during film processing to provide
enough illumination for personnel to see but protect the
film that has been removed from the cassettes and film
bin from light fog

Safelights

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Safelights use either a _____ incandescent

bulb recessed within a metallic light fixture

7.5-watt or 15-watt

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A special colored ____ is attached to the front of the

light fixture to prevent white light from reaching the film

filter

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The most commonly used radiographic film is

______

orthochromatic

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orthochromatic is very sensitive to all colors except ___

red

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The safelight filter commonly used in conventional radiographic darkrooms is the ___

GBX-2 filter

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This increased sensitivity to safelight illumination is

called ______

latensification

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Fogging of film by safelight illumination after it has

been radiographically exposed is called _______

post-exposure fog

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appears as an undesirable supplemental blanket of density on the processed radiographic image

post-exposure fog

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are commonly mounted in the darkroom

either on the ceiling or directly over the film feed tray of the automatic processor

Safelights

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The safelight should be mounted at least ____ from the feed tray or work bench when a 7.5-watt bulb is used

3 feet

____ for a 15-watt bulb from the feed tray or work | bench to avoid fogging the film

4 feet

It usually takes less than a _____ to either remove a radiographically exposed film from its cassette and feed it into the processor or to remove an unexposed film from the film bin and place it in a cassette

minute

The darkroom should also be checked regularly for | _____ coming from outside when its door is closed

white-light leaks

The filters on the safelights should also be checked for _____

white-light leaks

The walls of the darkroom can be painted with any | color; a _____ is not necessary

dark color

The illumination intensity and hue existing in the | darkroom is controlled by the ______; the color of the walls has little or no effect and does not fog the film

safelight

can also fog the film in the darkroom if the | film is not protected

X-radiation

If the darkroom is located next to a radiographic room, the walls must be ____ to prevent x-rays from entering and fogging the film

lead-lined

used to protect the film from x-rays are inefficient toward stopping the highly penetrating gamma radiation emitted by radioactive pharmaceuticals

Lead-lined walls

The optimal temperature for unused film is _____

50-70 °F

the optimal relative humidity range is ____ in order to prevent film fog and emulsion damage

40-60 °F (40-60%)

If a film is stored in the darkroom, a separate | _____ should be attached to one of its inside walls

thermostat

Once the desired temperature is set, a _____ should be placed over the thermostat to prevent any further adjustments

lockbox

are stored either inside or outside the darkroom and are used to replenish the processing chemicals in the automatic processor

Processing chemicals

Chemicals can either be stored in large round plastic | tanks called _______ or in smaller rectangular plastic jugs

replenishment tanks

The jugs must be manually | emptied into the tanks of a special _____ device

caddy

When the levels of the replenishing chemicals in the caddy tanks fall below a certain level, a _____ is triggered by a floating bellow device positioned in each tank

microswitch

When the bellows falls to certain level, the ______ sends an | electrical signal to illuminate a small light indicating that more chemicals are needed

microswitch

The rectangular plastic jugs containing processing chemicals are inverted and placed on top of the ____ system, where sharp pointed metal tubes project upward

caddy

When the foil membranes that cover the opening of the jug are punctured, processing chemicals spill into the ____ tanks

caddy

Located in the vicinity of the replenishment tanks is a _____

silver recovery unit

Silver recovery units are designed to reclaim silver from the processor’s ___ tank

fixer

removes unexposed silver halide and placed along the waste lines

silver recovery

metallic silver will fuse to the iron in the wool

Glass jar with a steel wool cartridge

metal plates with current flowing through them and metallic silver binds to the plates

Electrolysis

similar to most room doors

Single-hinged door

A manual locking knob or latch prevents personnel outside of the darkroom from opening the darkroom door when films are being processed or when the film bin is open

Single-hinged door

simplest and cheapest

Single-hinged door

weather stripping around the door frame

Single-hinged door

this type can cause accidental exposure of film to white light

Single-hinged door

offers much more protection than single-door entrance

Double-door entrance

has two doors: one leading in and other out with a short hallway between

Double-door entrance

one door cannot be opened unless the other is closed

Double-door entrance

this type can cause trapping

Double-door entrance

makes up approximately ¾ of the circle

Sliding curved revolving door

It is bordered by, and glides within, two 360-degree tracks; one attached to the ceiling and one attached to the floor

Sliding curved revolving door

does not use a door at all. Instead, there is a minimum of 2 hallways that run parallel to each other

Maze-type entrance

At the end of the first hallway, there is a 180-degree turn into the next hallway. At the end of the second hallway there is an opening 90 degrees either to the right or left, depending on the design.

Maze-type entrance

allows persons to enter and exit the darkroom with no risk of film fogging, but requires a large area for its layout

Maze-type entrance

wall-mounted, strategically placed between the radiographic rooms and the darkroom or between the viewing area and the darkroom

Passbox

After radiographic films are processed, they are hung on a _______ that contains spring-loaded tension clamps at the top that hold the upper edge of the film

viewbox or film illuminator (negatoscope)

The _____ base of radiographic film provides the rigidity needed to facilitate the insertion of the film into these tension clamps

polyester

contain multiple fluorescent bulbs

Viewboxes

come in a variety of sizes and design

Viewboxes

Viewboxes may be either ______

fixed or motorized

can only hold films that are currently being | viewed

Fixed viewbox

When activated, a built-in motor moves the viewing banks until the desired radiographic study appears

Motorized viewbox

The exterior and interior surfaces of a viewbox’s | _____ cover should be cleaned periodically

Plexiglas

The ___ of the viewbox is also important for proper | viewing of radiographs

hue

Since the Plexiglas covers gradually become discolored, the illumination should be checked _____, or when the bulbs are changed, to ensure proper viewing conditions

semiannually

The light intensity units measured a light meter/photometer are called _____

lux or foot-candles

A typical radiographic film viewbox should have a | minimum luminance of _____

5382 lux, or 500 foot-candles

When 1 bulb burns out in a viewbox bank, ___ bulbs should be replaced using the same brand and type of bulbs

all

Special lights called _____ are used by radiologists to evaluate radiographic images that are either grossly overexposed or to evaluate a specific area of the anatomical image that is overexposed relative to surrounding areas

Hotlights

are constructed similarly to safelights; however, they do not have a filter and the bulb is generally a high-wattage incandescent bulb

Hotlights

The primary purpose of radiographic processing is to deposit enough black metallic silver at the _____ sites in film to permit a permanent visible image to form

latent image

Processing of a radiograph involves four primary steps: ______ and two archiving steps—______

developing, fixing, | washing and drying

Quality control experts agree that _______ is the most sensitive and variable factor in the production of a radiograph

film processing

are accomplished in solutions that combine | numerous chemicals

Developing and fixing

involves a two-step process of washing and | drying the radiograph for use as a medical record

Archiving