2. Radiographic Room Equipment Flashcards
1
Q
RADIOGRAPHIC ROOM
EQUIPMENT
A
- Safe lights
- Film
- Intensifying Screens
- Hangers
- Processing Tanks
- Dryers
- Automatic Film Processors
- Silver Recovery System
2
Q
are used to
hold the films in position for processing and for drying purposes
A
Clip-type hangers
3
Q
Holds the chemicals and washing water for
processing the x-ray films
A
Processing Tanks
4
Q
The ______ and ______ must always be kept
separate in their own tanks
A
developer,
fixer
5
Q
swells the emulsion to permit subsequent chemical penetration
A
Wetting
6
Q
produces a visible image from the latent image
A
Developing
7
Q
terminates development and removes excess chemical from the emulsion
A
Rinsing in stop bath
8
Q
removes remaining silver halide from emulsion and hardens gelatin
A
Fixing
9
Q
removes excess chemicals
A
Washing
10
Q
removes water and prepares radiograph for viewing
A
Drying
11
Q
Manual Wetting
A
15s
12
Q
Manual Developing
A
5 min
13
Q
Manual Rinsing in stop bath
A
30s
14
Q
Manual Fixing
A
15 min
15
Q
Manual Washing
A
20 min
16
Q
Manual Drying
A
30 min
17
Q
Automatic Wetting
A
0
18
Q
Automatic Developing
A
22s
19
Q
Automatic Rinsing in stop bath
A
0
20
Q
Automatic Fixing
A
22s
21
Q
Automatic Washing
A
20s
22
Q
Automatic Drying
A
26s
23
Q
For the chemicals to penetrate the
film it must first be treated by a
A
wetting agent
24
Q
The wetting agent is
_____, and it penetrates the emulsion of the film, causing it to
swell
A
water
25
Converts latent image to a manifest or visible image
Developing
26
faster and produces gray densities
Phenidone
27
slower and produces
| black densities
Hydroquinone
28
reducing agent; produces shades of gray rapidly
Phenidone (Developing agent)
29
reducing agent; produces black tones slowly
Hydroquinone (Developing agent)
30
helps swell gelatin; produces alkalinity; controls pH (Developer)
Sodium carbonate (Activator)
31
antifog agent; protects unexposed crystals from chemical attack (Developer)
Potassium bromide (Restainer)
32
controls oxidation; maintains balance among developer components (Developer)
Sodium sulfite (Preservative)
33
controls emulsion swelling and enhances archival quality (Developer)
Glutaraldehyde (Hardener)
34
removes metallic impurities; stabilizes developing agent (Developer)
Chelates (Sequestering agent)
35
dissolves chemicals for use (Developer)
Water (Solvent)
36
Removes unexposed silver halide from
film; stops the development process;
hardens the emulsion
Fixing
37
neutralizes the developer and stops its action (Fixer)
Acetic acid (Activator)
38
removes undeveloped silver bromine from emulsion (Fixer)
Ammonium thiosulfate (Fixing agent)
39
stiffens and shrinks emulsion (Fixer)
Potassium alum (Hardener)
40
maintains chemical balance (Fixer)
Sodium sulfite (Preservative)
41
maintains proper pH (Fixer)
Acetate (Buffer)
42
removes aluminum ions (Fixer)
Boric acids and salts (Sequestering agent)
43
dissolves other components (Fixer)
Water (Solvent)
44
Removes fixing solution from surface of film
Washing
45
Maintaining the archival (long-term)
quality of radiographs requires most of the
_____ agent to be removed (washed) from the film
fixing
46
______ of the permanent image results when too much thiosulfate
remains on the film
Staining or fading
47
The purpose of drying films is to remove
______ of the moisture from the film so
that it can be easily handled and stored
while maintaining the quality of the diagnostic image
85%–90%
48
Is designed to remove moisture from the x-ray film using heat (e.g., forced warm air) after the
film has been developed, fixed, and washed
Film Dryer
49
is a device that includes chemical tanks, a roller
transport system, and a dryer system for the
processing of radiographic film
Automatic Processors
50
Automatic Processors was introduced in ____ by
1942,
| Pako
51
introduced
| the first roller transport system
1956 Eastman Kodak Company
52
introduced
| the 90-second rapid processing
1965 Eastman Kodak Company
53
Automatic Processor Principal Components
- Transport system
- Temperature control system
- Circulation system
- Replenishment system
- Dryer system
54
flat metal surface with an edge on
either side that permits the film to easily enter
the processor while remaining correctly aligned
Feed Tray
55
provides power for the transport system
Drive motor
56
a curved metal lip with smooth
| grooves guides the film around the bend
Guide shoe
57
move the film through the processor
Rollers
58
grips the film to begin
| to begin its trip through the processor
Entrance rollers
59
1” diameter rollers
| that convey the film along its path
Transport Rollers
60
3 ” diameter rollers are
used when the film makes a turn in the
processor
Master roller
61
The developer, fixer, and wash require precise ________
temperature control
62
is the most critical temperature
Developer temperature
63
Developer temperature is usually maintained at
33.8 - 35°C (93 - 95°F)
64
Wash water is maintained at
3°C (5°F) lower
65
continuously pumps the
developer and the fixer maintaining constant
agitation within each tank
Circulation system
66
Washtank circulation system
12 L/min (3gal/min)
67
the replacement of fresh chemicals after
| chemical losses during processing
Replenishment System
68
_____ mL of developer and _____ mL of
| fixer for every ___ of film
60-70,
100 - 110,
35
69
extracts all residual
| moisture from the processed radiograph, so it drops into the receiving bin dry
Dryer System
70
refers to the removal of silver from used fixer solution
Silver Recovery
71
Two methods of Silver Recovery:
- Metallic replacement
| - Electrolytic method
72
Metallic replacement types:
- Steel wool
| - Silver-extraction filter
73
When an electron is given up by a chemical, in this case the developer, to neutralize a positive ion, the process is called
reduction
74
The silver ion is said to be reduced to metallic silver, and the chemical responsible
for this is called a
reducing agent
75
The opposite of reduction is
oxidation
76
Oxidation and reduction
| occur simultaneously and are called
redox reactions
77
The principal component of the developer is
hydroquinone
78
Secondary constituents of developer are
phenidone and
| metol
79
The shape of the characteristic curve is controlled by the developing agents. Phenidone controls the ___ and
hydroquinone controls the ____
toe,
| shoulder
80
restrict the
| action of the developing agent to only those silver halide crystals that have been irradiated
Restrainers
81
Without the restrainer,
even those crystals that have not been exposed are reduced to metallic silver. This results in an increased fog that is called
development fog
82
is also included in the developer to control the oxidation of the developing agent by air
preservative
83
Air is introduced into the chemistry when it is mixed, handled, and stored; such oxidation is called
aerial oxidation
84
controls swelling and softening of the
| emulsion
hardener
85
The chemical used in the stop bath is
acetic acid
86
is the term used to describe the undesirable retention of the fixer in the emulsion
Hypo retention
87
is a heating coil that is immersed in the bottoms of the
| developer and fixer tanks
immersion heater
