8.1 & 8.2

Question 1

category

Answer 1

clusters of interrelated concepts

Question 2

concept

Answer 2

the mental representation

Question 3

exemplar

Answer 3

specific example that best represents

Question 4

graded membership

Answer 4

the observation that some concepts appear to make better category members than others

Question 5

linguistic relativity

Answer 5

the theory that the language we use determines how we understand the world

Question 6

priming

Answer 6

techniques which previous exposure to a stimulus can influence an individuals later response

Question 7

prototype

Answer 7

a mental representation of an average category member

Question 8

rule-based categorization

Answer 8

categorizing objects or events according to a certain set of rules

Question 9

semantic network

Answer 9

an interconnected set of concepts and links that join them to form a category

Question 10

algorithms

Answer 10

problem-solving strategies based on a series of rules

Question 11

anchoring effect

Answer 11

occurs when an individual attempts to solve a problem involving numbers and uses previous knowledge to keep the response within a limited range

Question 12

availability heuristic

Answer 12

entails estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples of it come to mind

Question 13

belief perserverance

Answer 13

when an individual remains committed to their decision or belief even in the face of evidence against it

Question 14

confirmation bias

Answer 14

when individuals search for only evidence that will confirm their beliefs instead of evidence that might disconfirm them

Question 15

conjunction fallacy

Answer 15

reflects the mistaken belief that finding a specific member in two overlapping categories

Question 16

functional fixedness

Answer 16

occurs when an individual identifies an object or a technique that could potentially solve a problem but can think of only its most obvious function

Question 17

heuristics

Answer 17

problem-solving strategies that stem from prior experiences and provide an educated guess as to what is the most likely solution

Question 18

mental set

Answer 18

is a cognitive obstacle that occurs when an individual attempts to apply a routine solution to what is actually a new problem

Question 19

problem solving

Answer 19

accomplishing a goal when the solution or the path to the solution is not clear

Question 20

representativeness heuristic

Answer 20

making judgements of likelihood based on how well an example represents a specific category

Question 21

Affect Heuristic

Answer 21

making decisions based on emotional reactions rather than careful analysis

Question 22

Availability Heuristic

Answer 22

judgment of the frequency of an event based on how easily we think of examples