7.1 & 7.2

Question 1

Amnesia

Answer 1

loss of at least one form of memory

Question 2

anterograde amnesia

Answer 2

inability to form new memories after injury

Question 3

Attention

Answer 3

selects which information will be passes onto the STM

Question 4

central executive

Answer 4

control center for working memory coordinates attention and the exchange of information among 3 storage components

Question 5

Chunking

Answer 5

organizing smaller units of information into larger meaningful unit

Question 6

consolidation

Answer 6

making short term memories into long term memories

Question 7

Control Process

Answer 7

shifting information from one store to another

Question 8

cross-cortical storage

Answer 8

Long term declarative memories are distributed through the cortex

Question 9

declarative memory

Answer 9

memories that we are conciously aware of and can be verbalized (Episodic & Semantic)

Question 10

echoic memory

Answer 10

auditory form of visual memory

Question 11

encoding

Answer 11

the process of storing information in LTM

Question 12

episodic buffer

Answer 12

Storage component of working memory

Question 13

episodic memory

Answer 13

declarative memory organized into ‘episodes’

Question 14

feature binding

Answer 14

the process of combining visual features into a single unit

Question 15

iconic memory

Answer 15

visual form of sensory information

Question 16

nondeclarative memory

Answer 16

actions you can remember and perform without awareness

Question 17

phonological loop

Answer 17

relies on rehearsal and stores information as sounds

Question 18

proactive interference

Answer 18

information learned first takes up resources

Question 19

procedural memory

Answer 19

learned patterns of muscle movements (motor memory)

Question 20

reconsolidation

Answer 20

hippocampus functions to update or modify existing long term memory

Question 21

Rehearsal

Answer 21

repeating information until you do not need to remember it anymore

Question 22

retrieval

Answer 22

taking info from long-term to short-term

Question 23

retroactive interference

Answer 23

most recent information learned overshadows older information

Question 24

semantic memory

Answer 24

declarative memory. facts about the world.

Question 25

serial position effect

Answer 25

top and bottom of lists are easier to remember that middle components

Question 26

storage

Answer 26

refers to the time and manner in which information is retained between encoding. and retriveal

Question 27

stores

Answer 27

retain information in memory without using it for specific purpose

Question 28

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 28

when you can retrieve similar-sounding words but cant actually retrieve the word you want

Question 29

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 29

storage components of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in visuospatial code

Question 30

working memory

Answer 30

a model of short-term remembering that includes a combination of memory components that can temporarily store small amounts of information for a short period of time

Question 31

acronym

Answer 31

pronounceable words whose letters represent intials of an important phase or set of items

Question 32

cognitive offloading

Answer 32

use of an action or device to reduce cognitive demands imposed by a given task

Question 33

context-dependent memory

Answer 33

idea that retrieval is more effective when it takes place in the same physical setting as encoding

Question 34

deep processing

Answer 34

encoding information about an items meaning or function

Question 35

desirable difficulties

Answer 35

techniques that make studying slower and more effortful but result in better overall remembering

Question 36

dual coding

Answer 36

occurs when information is stored in more than one form

Question 37

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 37

prolonging exposure to information by thinking about it’s meaning

Question 38

encoding specificity principle

Answer 38

retrieval is most effective when the conditions at the time of encoding and retrieval are the same

Question 39

first-letter technique

Answer 39

use the first letter of a. set of items to spell out words that form a sentence

Question 39

flashbulb memory

Answer 39

an extremely vivid and detailed memory about an event and the conditions surrounding how one learned about the event

Question 39

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 39

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it

Question 40

forgetting curve

Answer 40

shows that most forgetting occurs right away, and the rate of forgetting eventually slows to the point where one does not seem to forget at all

Question 40

method of loci

Answer 40

a mnemonic that uses visualizations of farmilliar places to remember information

Question 41

mnemonic

Answer 41

a technique intended to to improve memory for specific information

Question 42

mood -dependant memory

Answer 42

people remember better if their mood at the retrieval matches their mood during encoding

Question 43

recall

Answer 43

involves retrieving information when asked but without that. information being present during retrieval process

Question 44

recognition

Answer 44

involves identifying a stimulus or a piece of information when it is presented to you

Question 45

self-reference effect

Answer 45

occurs when you think about information in terms of how it relates to you or how it is useful to you; this type of encoding will lead to you remembering that information better

Question 46

shallow processing

Answer 46

encoding more superficial properties of a stimulus such as sound or spelling of a word

Question 47

state-dependent memory

Answer 47

retrieval is more effective when your internal state matches the state you were in during encoding

Question 48

testing effect

Answer 48

the finding that taking practice exams improves exam performance