13.1 & 13.3

Question 1

Bystander effect

Answer 1

observation that an individual is less likely to help when they perceive that others are not helping

Question 1

Altruism

Answer 1

helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so

Question 2

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 2

the reduced personal responsibility that a person feels when more people are present in a situation

Question 3

groupthink

Answer 3

a decision making problem in which group members avoid arguments and strive for agreement

Question 4

informational influence

Answer 4

Occurs when people feel the group is giving them useful information

Question 5

mimicry

Answer 5

taking on for ourselves the behaviours, emotional displays, and facial expressions of others

Question 6

normative influence

Answer 6

the result of social pressure to adopt a groups perspective to be accepted rather than rejected by the group

Question 7

ostracism

Answer 7

being ignored or excluded from social contact

Question 8

social facilitation

Answer 8

occurs when ones performance is affected by the presence of others

Question 9

social loafing

Answer 9

occurs when an indidvidual puts less effort into working on a task with others

Question 10

social norms

Answer 10

usually unwritten guidelines for how to behave in social contexts

Question 11

social roles

Answer 11

guidelines that apply specific positions within the group

Question 12

Attitude inoculation

Answer 12

strategy for strengthening attitudes and making them more resistant to change by first exposing people to a weak counter argument then refuting that argument

Question 13

central route to persuasion

Answer 13

focuses on facts, logic, and the content of a message in order to persuade

Question 14

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 14

when we hold inconsistent beliefs this creates a kind of aversive inner tension or “dissonance” We are then motivated to reduce this tension in whatever way we can

Question 15

construal-level theory

Answer 15

which describes how information effects us differently depending on our psychological distance from the information

Question 16

door-in-the-face technique

Answer 16

involves asking for something relatively big then following with a request for something relatively small

Question 17

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 17

a dual process model of persuasion that predicts whether factual information or other types of information will be most influential

Question 18

identifiable victim effect

Answer 18

how people are more powerfully moved to action by the story of a single suffering person than by information about an entire group

Question 19

peripheral route persuasion

Answer 19

focuses on features of the issue or presentation that are not factual

Question 20

foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 20

involves making a simple request followed by a more substantial request