12.1, 12.2 & 12.3

Question 1

Dark triad

Answer 1

Machiavellianism, psychopathy and narcissism. describe a person who is socially destructive, aggressive, dishonest and likely to commit harm in general

Question 2

Factor analysis

Answer 2

used to group items that people respond to similarly

Question 3

five factor model (FFM)

Answer 3

1) openness 2) conscientiousness 3) Extraversion 4) Agreeableness 5) Neuroticism

Question 4

HEXACO model of personality

Answer 4

a six-factor theory that generally replicates the five factors of the FFM and adds one additional factor: honesty-humility

Question 5

idiographic approach

Answer 5

creating detailed descriptions of a specific person’s unique personality characteristics

Question 6

Nomothetic approach

Answer 6

examine personality in large groups of people, with the aim of making generalizations about personality structure

Question 7

personality

Answer 7

characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is unique to each individual, and remains relatively consistent over time and situations

Question 8

personality trait

Answer 8

specific psychological characteristics that make up part of a person’s personality

Question 9

reciprocal determinism

Answer 9

interactions between behaviour, internal (personal) factors, and external (situational) factors, all of which mutually influence each other

Question 10

Right-Wing Authoritarianism

Answer 10

a problematic set of personality characteristics that also predisposes people to certain types of violent or anti social

Question 11

State

Answer 11

a temporary physical or psychological engagement that influences behaviour

Question 12

Myers Briggs

Answer 12

16 personality type profiles

focuses on Extraversion (E) Introversion (I) Sensing (S) Intuition (N) Thinking (T) Feeling (F) Judging (J) Perceiving (P)

Question 13

arousal theory of extraversion

Answer 13

arguing that extraversion is determined by people’s threshold for arousal

Question 14

ascending reticular activation system

Answer 14

plays a central role in controlling this arousal response

Question 15

behavioural activation system

Answer 15

is a “GO” system, arousing the person to action in the pursuit of desired goals

Question 16

behavioural inhibition system

Answer 16

is more of a danger system motivating the person to action in order to avoid punishments or other negative outcomes

Question 17

genome-wide association study

Answer 17

involves examining the DNA of the entire genome of individuals and determining which genetic variants are associated with a particular trait

Question 18

humourism

Answer 18

which explained both physical illness and disorders of personality as resulting from imbalances in the key fluids in the body

Question 19

phrenology

Answer 19

the theory that personality characteristics could be assessed by carefully measuring the shape of the skull

Question 20

response styles

Answer 20

characteristics ways of responding to questions

Question 21

analytical psychology

Answer 21

focuses on the role of the unconscious archetypes in personality development

Question 22

archetypes

Answer 22

images and symbols that reflect common patterns of experience across all cultures

Question 23

collective unconscious

Answer 23

a separate, non-personal realm of the unconscious that holds the collective memories and mythologies of humankind, stretching deep into our ancestral past

Question 24

conscious mind

Answer 24

is your current awareness, containing, everything you are aware of right now.

Question 25

defence mechanisms

Answer 25

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

Question 26

ego

Answer 26

the decision maker, frequently under tension, trying to reconcile the opposing urges of the id and superego

Question 27

id

Answer 27

represents a collection of basic biological drives, including those directed toward sex and aggression

Question 28

inferiority complex

Answer 28

the struggle many people have with feelings of inferiority which stem from experiences of helpfulness and powerlessness during childhood

Question 29

person centred perspective

Answer 29

basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally

Question 30

personal unconscious

Answer 30

a vast repository of experience and patterns absorbed during a persons life

Question 31

projective styles

Answer 31

personality tests in which ambiguous images are presented to an individual to elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or conflicts

Question 32

Rorschach inkblot test

Answer 32

which people are asked to describe what they see in an inkblot, and psychologists interpret this description using a standardized scoring and interpretation method

Question 33

self actualization

Answer 33

the point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep thinking, and accepting human being

Question 34

super ego

Answer 34

comprises our values and moral standards

Question 35

thematic apperception test

Answer 35

which asks respondents to tell stories about ambiguous pictures involving various interpersonal situations

Question 36

unconscious mind

Answer 36

more vast and powerful but inaccessible

Question 37

fixation

Answer 37

involves becoming preoccupied with obtaining the pleasure associated with a particular stage as a result of not being able to adequately regulate themselves and satisfy their needs at that at that stage