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Kirsty Biology 2016 > 8) The Reproductive System > Flashcards

8) The Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the other function of the reproductive system

A

to produce egg and sperm cells ( gametes )
to transport and sustain these cells
to nature the developing offspring
to produce hormones

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2
Q

what are the primary reproductive organs

A

they are also called gonads. they consist of the ovaries and the testes

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3
Q

what are the primary reproductive organs responsible for

A

for producing egg and sperm cells, and producing hormones

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4
Q

where do the hormones function

A

in the maturation of the reproductive system and the development of sexual characteristics

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5
Q

what are the secondary organs

A

all the ducts, organs and glands in the reproductive system.

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6
Q

what is the function of the secondary organs

A

they transport the gametes and nurture the developing offspring

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7
Q

what are the two main methods of reproduction

A

asexual reproductive and sexual reproduction

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8
Q

what is asexual reproduction

A

the formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a single parent

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9
Q

where s asexual reproduction common

A

in plants ( strawberries ) but it is not so common in animals

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10
Q

what is sexual reproduction

A

the formation of new individuals from the genes of two separate gametes : one female and one male

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11
Q

what are the gametes knows as in plants

A

pollen ( male )

ovules ( female )

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12
Q

what are the gametes referred to in animals

A

sperm (male)

ovum (female)

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13
Q

what happens during fertilization

A

the nucleus of the male gamete fuses with the nucleus of the female gamete to form a zygote, from which th enew individual will develop

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14
Q

does sexual reproduction always involve sexual intercourse

A

no

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15
Q

how many chromosomes does a sperm cell contain

A

23

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16
Q

how many chromosomes does the ovum contain

A

23 chromosomes

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17
Q

what happens to the chromosomes when the sperm fuses with the ovum

A

they form a zygote with 46 chromosomes

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18
Q

what are the components of the male reproductive system

A

testes
glands
cords
penis

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19
Q

what is the function of the testes

A

develop in abdominal cavity- move to scrotum before birth.

they have to be kept at a temperature a few degrees lower than body temperature to get maximum sperm production

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20
Q

what happens if the testes do not move to the scrotum before birth

A

the male may become sterile

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21
Q

how many testes are there

A

2

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22
Q

what happens when males wear tight pants/ underwear

A

lowers sperm production. sperm get too high and die

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23
Q

what do the testes look like

A

they are oval, contain lots of small tubules (seminiferous tubules)

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24
Q

why are the seminiferous tubules coiled

A

to fit long tube into a small space

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25
Q

how many sperms do males produce on average per day

A

about 40-1800 million sperm

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26
Q

what do the testes produce

A

sperm and the hormone testosterone

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27
Q

what is the epididymis

A

the tube that exits the testes. mass of tightly coiled tubes

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28
Q

where do the epididymis lie

A

outside the testes

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29
Q

what happens in the epididymis

A

sperm matures here ( so that they can swim )

also used for storage

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30
Q

what are the tubules that join to for one tubule called

A

vas deferens/ sperm duct

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31
Q

where is the sperm duct

A

in abdominal cavity

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32
Q

what is the spermatic cord made of

A

vas deferens + blood vessels + nerves + muscle layer = spermatic cord

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33
Q

how many sperm ducts are there

A

2, one in each testes

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34
Q

what does each sperm duct join to

A

a seminal vesicle at the base of the bladder

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35
Q

what do the sperm ducts do

A

they carry sperm from the epididymis

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36
Q

what does the seminal vesicle do

A

it secrete a thick, pale yellow fluid for nourishment and movement of sperm

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37
Q

what joins in the ejaculatory duct

A

vas deferens and seminal vesicle join

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38
Q

what does he ejaculatory duct do

A

it carries sperm

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39
Q

what does the ejaculatory duct join to

A

the urethra

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40
Q

where is the prostate gland

A

base of the ladder, under seminal vesicle

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41
Q

what does it secrete

A

alkaline fluid for movement of the sperm and neutralizes acids

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42
Q

what happens to the prostate gland when men get old

A

the gland enlarges and pushes against the urethra, which makes it difficult to urinate

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43
Q

what does the urethra connect to

A

the bladder and the out of penis

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44
Q

what does the bladder conduct

A

sperm and urine ( not at the same time )

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45
Q

what is the penis

A

it s a cylidrical organ that hangs in front of the scrotum

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46
Q

what does the penis consist of

A

connective tissue and spongy erectile tissue ( has blood spaces )

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47
Q

what happens during sexual arousal

A

blood flow to the connective tissue increases, fills the blood spaces, the organ becomes stiff and increases in size, which is called an erection.

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48
Q

what is the opposite of an erection

A

impotent

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49
Q

what is the body of the penis called

A

the shaft

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50
Q

what is the tip of the penis called

A

it is slightly enlarged and it is called the glans penis

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51
Q

what is the penis covered by

A

a loose skin called the foreskin

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52
Q

where does the urethra open to the outside world to

A

urogenital opening - for release of urine and semen/ seminal fluid

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53
Q

what is semen

A

cloudy white body fluid that is emitted from the urethra of the penis during ejaculation

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54
Q

what is the release of semen called

A

ejaculation

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55
Q

what happens when men ejaculate

A

the penis become flaccid again

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56
Q

what is semen made up of

A

most of the fluid in semen is made up of secretions from male reproductive organs
65% by seminal vesicle
30-35% by prostate
55% from testes and epididymis ( sperm )

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57
Q

what does semen contain

A

citric acid, free amino acids, fructose and minerals to give sperm energy

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58
Q

what is the average volume of semen produced during ejaculation

A

2-5 ml

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59
Q

how many sperms are in a single ejaculation

A

40-600 million sperm

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60
Q

what is the head, mid-piece and tail of a sperm called

A

flagellum

61
Q

what des the head contain

A

acrosome= sac of enzymes which is important for penetration of the egg. cytoplasm and the nucleus

62
Q

what does the mid-piece contain

A

anterior ( top ) part of the tail surrounded by a sac filled with mitochondria which provide energy for the sperm

63
Q

what does the tail contain

A

microtubules- mostly proteins

it is used to swim

64
Q

what is testosterone essential for

A

maturing of the sperm

65
Q

what are the effects of testosterone

A 
secondary sexual characteristics (develop at puberty)
growth of hair
voice deepens
strong muscles
sex drive
aggression
baldness
66
Q

what are the components of the female reproductive system

A 
ovaries
ducts
uterus
vagina
vulva
67
Q

where do the ovaries develop

A

in the abdominal cavity ( gonads

68
Q

what shape are the ovaries

A

oal

69
Q

how many ovaries are there

A

2

70
Q

how are the ovaries held in place

A

with ligaments ( ovarian ligaments ) in the pelvis

71
Q

what do the ovaries consist of

A 
connective tissue 
germ cells (immature ova)
72
Q

what happens to one germ cell per month

A

it develops into a mature ovum in the ovary

73
Q

what can germ cells function as

A

glands to produce female reproductive hormones

74
Q

where is the Fallopian tube/ oviducts

A

they extend from the ovaries -> uterus

75
Q

are the Fallopian tubes/oviducts connected to the ovaries

A

no, they end in funnel-shaped infundubulum with finger-like projections called fimbriae at the ends of the tubes. the fimbriae sweep over ovaries and pick up ovum that is released from the ovary

76
Q

what happens in the Fallopian tube

A

fertilization occurs here

77
Q

how does the ovum or developing embryo move along the Fallopian tube

A

by ciliary movement and tubular muscle contractions

78
Q

what is the uterus

A

a thick-walled muscular organ

79
Q

how big is the uterus

A

about the size of an inverted pear

80
Q

what does the lining of the uterus do and what is it called

A

it is called the endometrium and it builds up into a thick, spongy, blood-rich lining

81
Q

where does the embryo lie

A

it is embedded in the endometrium

82
Q

what happens in the uterus

A

the foetus develops here

83
Q

what happens if no fertilization takes place

A

the endometrium is expelled from the body (menstruation)

84
Q

where is the cervix

A

it is the narrow end of the uterus ( bottom ) and is covered with hymen

85
Q

what does the civix open to

A

the vagina/birth canal

86
Q

what does the vaginal lining do

A

it is folded and it secretes mucous

87
Q

what does the vagina receive during intercourse

A

the penis

88
Q

what are the external organs

A 
labium minus ( labia minora )- inner lips
labium majus ( labia majora )- outer lips 
clitoris ( same tissue as penis- important for sexual stimulation)
89
Q

what do oestrogen and progesterone develop

A

the secondary sexual characteristics during puberty

90
Q

what are the secondary sexual characteristics that develop during puberty

A 
breasts
growth of milk-duct system in breasts 
growth of hair- armpits, pubic 
widening of hips
menstruation
91
Q

what are the other functions of oestrogen and progesterone

A

they prepare the uterus for implantation of embryo
maintain pregnancy
regulate menstruation

92
Q

when do girls start menstruating

A

during puberty, between the ages of 11-14

93
Q

how often does menstruation occur

A

about every 28 days

94
Q

when does menstruation not occur

A

during pregnancy and after menopause

95
Q

when does menstruation stop

A

during menopause, around the age of 50

96
Q

what are the two key processes in the menstrual cycle

A

ovulation and mensruation

97
Q

what is ovulation

A

when the ovum is released from an ovary

98
Q

what is menstruation

A

when the endometrium comes away from the uterus ( if no embryo is implanted ) and passes out of the body through the vagina

99
Q

what is the major function of the reproductive system

A

to ensure survival of the species.

100
Q

how long does mensuration usually last

A

7 days

101
Q

what happens in the first 5 days of the mensural cycle

A

uterus lining breaks down and mensuration occurs

102
Q

what happens from day 6 to day 10

A

uterus lining thickens again

103
Q

what happens from day 11 to day 18

A

ovulation

104
Q

how long does ovulation usually last

A

about 14 days

105
Q

what is the phase called that goes from day 1 to day 14

A

the follicular phase

106
Q

what happens from day 9 to day 28

A

the uterus lining continues to thicken

107
Q

what is the phase called that goes from day 15 to day 28

A

it is called the luteal phase

108
Q

what are the stages of fertilization

A 
ovulation 
fertilization 
cleavage 
blastocyst
implantation
109
Q

what happens during ovulation

A

the egg leaves the ovary

110
Q

what happens during fertilization

A

the sperm’s nucleus fuzes with the egg’s nucleus

111
Q

what happens during cleavage

A

2-cell stage
4-cell stage
8-cell stage

112
Q

what happens during blastocyst

A

the divided cells collect at one side of the inside of the egg. the collected cells are called the inter cell mass

113
Q

what happens during implantation

A

the egg implants itself in the endometrium

114
Q

what does the baby look like after 4 weeks

A

there is the embryo and the yolk sac

115
Q

\what does the baby look like after 12 weeks

A

the baby is in amniotic fluid and getting nutrients from the placenta through the umbilical cord

116
Q

what is efface

A

thinner

117
Q

what happens during birth

A

the muscular contractions of the uterus cause the cervix to dilate and become thinner. the amniotic sac will burst, releasing the amniotic fluid ( known as the water breaking )

118
Q

what happens after many hours of uterine contraction

A

the cervix will have dilated enough for the baby to fit through ( 10 cm ) and then pushed out and through the birth canal ( vagina )

119
Q

what happens after the baby is born

A

the uterine contractions will continue until the placenta and amniotic sac are delivered .

120
Q

what is a natural birth

A

the baby is pushed out of the vagina

121
Q

what is caesarian

A

the mother is under anesthetic and the baby is “cut” through the abdominal muscle

122
Q

what is an epidural

A

the mother in labour receives an injection into the lower spine- this numbs the lower body. it is a natural birth, but the mother feels nothing

123
Q

how are identical twins formed

A

the fertilized egg goes into the 2-cell stage. the single zygote divides into 2

124
Q

how are fraternal twins formed

A

there are two fertilized eggs and both form a single zygote

125
Q

what does STI stand for

A

sexually transmitted infections

126
Q

how are STI’s transmitted

A

mostly by sexual intercourse and sexual contact

127
Q

what does HIV stand for

A

human immuno-deficiency virus

128
Q

what does AIDS do to you

A

it attacks the immune system- white blood cells ( lymphocytes )

129
Q

what are the three stages of AIDS

A

asymptomatic carrier
lymph nodes swell, weight loss, night sweats, fatigue, fever, diarrhea
nervous disorders, pneumonia, body can not fight infections

130
Q

what is AIDS carried in

A 
bodily fluids,
blood
semen
vaginal secretions
breast milk
cross placenta
131
Q

what is Herpes

A

a virus

132
Q

what are herpes symptoms

A

can have no syptoms
painful ulcers on genitals- heal and re-appear
fever, painful urinations, swollen lymph nodes

133
Q

what happens if the mother is contaminated with herpes at birth

A

the baby can be infected with neurological disorders and eventually death

134
Q

what is gonorrhea

A

bacteria

135
Q

what are the male symptoms of gonorrhea

A

painful urination
thick, greenish-yellow discharge
the symptoms disappear

136
Q

what can gonorrhea lead to

A

pelvic inflammatory diseas- influence the vas deferens and Fallopian tubes

137
Q

can gonorrhea be healed

A

yes, but it can also then block tubes by scar tissue. this leads to infertility

138
Q

wha happens if a woman is pregnant and has gonorrhea

A

if it goes untreated the baby can be born blind

139
Q

what is syphilis

A

a bacteria

140
Q

what are the tree stages of syphilis

A

they are seperated by latent period
ulcer on genitals
rash al over body-copper colour
cardiovascular and nervous system influenced

141
Q

what can syphilis cause

A

mental retardation
blindness
walking with a shuffle
signs of insanity

142
Q

what happens to a pregnant mother with syphilis

A

it can cross the placenta and harm the baby. there are no blood test available

143
Q

what is the most deadly STI

A

HPV

144
Q

what different organisms cause STI’s

A

bacteria
viruses
parasites

145
Q

what are the barrier methods of contraception

A 
male condom 
female condom 
diaphragm 
sponge with spermicide 
inter uterine device ( IUD )
146
Q

what are the hormonal methods of contraception

A 
contraceptive pills
transdermal contraceptive patch 
vaginal ring 
inter uterine device 
emergency contraceptive pill
147
Q

what are the surgical methods of contraception

A

tubular ligation
vasectomy
hysterectomy

148
Q

what are the STI’s

A

AIDS
herpes
gonorrhea
syphilis

Kirsty Biology 2016 (11 decks)

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