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Kirsty Biology 2016 > 1) Cells, microscopes and mitosis > Flashcards

1) Cells, microscopes and mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Name some examples of unicellular organisms

A

Amoeba
Yeast
Bacteria

Consists of 1 cell that performs all the life processes

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2
Q

Multicellular organisms such as humans and animals perform which 7 life processes

A 
Movement
Respiration
Stimuli
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
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3
Q

In which way is each cell like a factory

A
  1. It has a control centre which tells it what to do
  2. There is a power plant for generating energy
  3. Different machinery makes products and performs services by taking in raw products and excreting finished product and waste
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4
Q

Each type of cell is…..

A

Uniquely suited for its function

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5
Q

What process allows your cells to reproduce ?

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

Name 2 types of microscopes

A

Electron microscope

Compound light microscope

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7
Q

Name 2 types of electron microscopes

A

TEM transmission electron microscope - sees inside cells 2d

SEM Scanning electron microscope - sees outside 3D

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8
Q

Cells are measured in

A

Micrometers

1 micrometer = 0.001mm

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9
Q

Organelles are measured in

A

Nano meters

1 nano meter = 0.001 nanometers

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10
Q

A compound microscope has which two lenses ?

A

Objective lens

Eye piece

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11
Q

To calculate magnification…
Lens1 =10x
Lens2 =30x

A

Multiply them together

10x30= 300

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12
Q

Be able label the parts of microscope

A 
Body tube 
Rotating nose piece 
Ocular lens
Low power objective lens
Medium power objective lens
High power objective lens 
Stage clips
Diaphragm and iris
Light source
Arm
Stage
Course focus
Fine focus
Base
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13
Q

Similar cells group together to form

A

Tissue

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14
Q

Different tissues join together to form

A

Organs

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15
Q

Organs work together to form

A

Organ systems

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16
Q

Many organ systems make up

A

Living organism

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17
Q

Hierarchy of systems

A

Cells- tissue- organ - system- organism

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18
Q 
Give an example for each 
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
A 
Cell- red blood cell
Tissue - muscle ,skin
Organ - heart 
Organ system - respitory system - reproductive 
Organism - kitty cat
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19
Q

What is different between an organ and an organism

A

Organ is part of an organism

Organ is smaller that organism

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20
Q

Smallest unit of life…2

A

Prokaryotic - no nucleus - bacteria

Eukaryotic - with nucleus- plant , animal

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21
Q

Inorganic compounds in the cytoplasm

A 
Water
Na
O
N
Fe
Ca
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22
Q

Organic compounds in cytoplasm

A

Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates

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23
Q

Cell wall

A

Thick rigid layer that surrounds plant cell

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24
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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25
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Helps transport the proteins made from the ribosomes

Cell communication and transportation of molecules

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26
Q

Lysosomes

A

Help to break down the unneeded or old parts of the cell or substances that have been brought into the cell from outside .( digestion) only in animal cells

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27
Q

Nucleus

A

Holds the Dna of the cell

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28
Q

Chloroplast

A

Converts energy from sun into sugar

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29
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Produces the energy to fuel the cells activity

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30
Q

Vacuole

A

Large fluid filled space that stores food

31
Q

Golgi body

A

AIDS in packaging and distribution of proteins

32
Q

Nucleolus

A

Makes the parts needed to make ribosomes

33
Q

Centrioles

A

Assists in cell division
(Mitosis)
Only in animal cells

34
Q

Organisms can be split up into two groups….

A

Unicellular

Bicellular

35
Q

Ribosomes

A

Consists of 60%r
rna and 40% protein
Protein production machine for the cell

36
Q

Rna - ribosomes nuclei can acid

A

Transmits genetic information from Dna to the cytoplasm

37
Q

Cell membrane is a bi-layer of

A

Pospholipids

38
Q

What is scattered throughout the membrane in a mosaic pattern

A

Proteins

39
Q

The main part of the membrane is…

A

Lipids …oils and fats

40
Q

Cell membrane …

A

Made up of phospholipids
Has proteins which allow things in and out
Lipids
Is not rigid gives cell its shape

41
Q

Cell membrane function

A

Acts like a gate …allow things in and out
Semi permeable
Selectively Permeable

42
Q

Know diagram of cell membrane

A 
Lipid bilayer
Transport protein
Phospholipids
Proteins 
Carbohydrate chains
43
Q

Cytoplasm structure

A 
Clear jelly like ..cytosol
Liquid jelly- sol
Solid jelly-gel
Consists mostly of water
Fills inside of the cell
44
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

Chemical activities ( metabolism) take place here
Circulates substances around the cell - cyclosis
Holds all the organelles

45
Q

Organelles

A

Specialised structures inside cells that perform a unique job helping the cell to function properly

46
Q

Function of the Nucleus

A

Control centre

Contains hereditary information

47
Q

Nucleus structure and component functions

A

1.Nuclear envelope - double membrane
semi permeable - acts like a gate
2.nucleoplasm - gel
3.nuclear pore-allows certain molecules through and not others
4. Nucleolus - ( RNA- produces protein )
5. Chromatic network - Dna - hereditary information

48
Q

Human cells contain ……chromosomes

A

46

49
Q

Hereditary traits

A 
Eye colour
Hair colour
Ear lobes 
Balding 
Height
50
Q

Structure of the Mitochondrion

A

Surrounded my double membrane
The inner membrane is folded into cristae to increase surface area for respiration
Matrix- contains ribosomes

51
Q

Mitochondrion function

A

Power house of the cell

Responsible for cellular respiration

52
Q

Cellular respiration formula

A

Glucose +oxygen —carbon dioxide +water+ ATP energy

53
Q

Explain the respiration process

A

Digested food is absorbed my small intestines and transported through blood to the cells.

Blood also transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells and removes co2 from cells back to lungs

In the mitochondria oxygen combines with digested food molecules in the process of respiration - folded cristae allow for more surface area.

Energy is released as a product of respiration allowing for the 7 processes of life

54
Q

How is the structure of the cristae suited to its function

A

The fact that it is folded means that there is more surface area for respiration

55
Q

Vacuole surrounded by a semi permeable membrane called a

A

Tonoplast

56
Q

2 types of vacuoles

A

Animal cell vacuoles - small store nutrients

Plant cell vacuoles - large central vacuole filled with fluid called cell sap

57
Q

Plant cell vacuole function

A

Gives cell shape , structure , and colour

58
Q

Turgid

Flaccid

A

Vacuole full of cell sap

Vacuole with no cell sap

59
Q

Function of cell wall

A

Supports , strengthens , and protects, gives cell rigid shape

60
Q

Structure of cell wall

A

Cell wall contains cellulose
Cellulose is a carbohydrate digestible to herbivores
Secondary cell walls contain lignin ( additional support)
Totally permeable - allows everything through
Pits- thinner areas of cell wall
Plasmodesmato- channels in the cell wall where cytoplasmic strands go from one cell to next
The middle lamella joins two adjacent cells ( like plaster between two bricks)
Middle lamella is made of pectin

61
Q

Name two structures in the cell wall that assist in communication between cells

A

Plasmadesmata

Pits

62
Q

Function of the middle lamella

A

Acts like cement

63
Q

Middle lamella is made of and what is its function

A

Pectin

Structure and support

64
Q

Why is cellulose important to herbivores but has no nutritional value for humans ?

A

It is a carbohydrate but humans can’t digest it and it just passes through like fibre whereas animals can digest it and gain energy from it

65
Q

Chloroplast

A

Chloro- colour
Plast -

Gives plants their green colour
Responsible for photosynthesis

66
Q

Photosynthesis formula

A

Co2 +H2O —-light energy—-glucose +O2

67
Q

Name a plant organ

A

Leaf

68
Q

Stroma

A

Semiliquid inside chloroplast

69
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

Compartment inside chloroplast- where light reaction for photosynthesis occurs

70
Q

Granum

A

Green Stacks inside the chloroplast

71
Q

Intergranum

A

Joins granum together

72
Q

Chromo —-

Plast – from word …

A

Colour

Plastid ( plastids contain colour)

73
Q

Why is colour important for plants?

A

Green Needed for photosynthesis

Colour needed to attract insects for pollination

74
Q

When fruit ripens the …..change to …..

A

Ovules change to fruit

Kirsty Biology 2016 (11 decks)

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