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Kirsty Biology 2016 > 4) The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

4) The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens when the cells are deprived of these necessities

A

They undergo irreversible changes that lead to death,

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2
Q

What is the cardiovascular system responsible for

A

It is responsible for transporting oxygenated blood and other substances around the body.

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3
Q

How many litres of blood does the common adult heart pump

A

About 5 litres per minute

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4
Q

Why is the function of the heart vital

A

Because for our bodies to survive we need a continuos supply of oxygen and nutrients, and the metabolic waste needs to be removed.

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5
Q

What is blood

A

It is a tissue and a transport medium

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6
Q

What is the heart

A

It is an organ that keeps the blood moving through the vessels. It is a muscular pump that provides the force necessary to pump the blood to all the tissues in the body

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7
Q

What happens when the heart stomps pumping blood

A

The persons life so jeopardised

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8
Q

What are the three vital components of the cardiovascular system

A
  • the heart: muscle that provides necessary force to circulate blood to all the tissues in your body
  • the blood vessels: channels or conduits thought which blood is distributed to body tissues
  • the blood: the liquid transport medium which flows in the vessels
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9
Q

(_______) carry (_________) away from the heart

A

Arteries carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart

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10
Q

(________) carry (________) to the heart

A

Veins carry oxygen poor blood to the heart

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11
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels surrounding cells where gaseous and nutrient exchange takes place

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12
Q

Blood is a type of (________) as it consists of different, specialised cells working together.

A

Blood is a tissue as it consists of different, specialised cells working together.

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13
Q

What are the differs types of blood cells

A 
Plasma
Red blood cell
White blood cell
Platelets
It is important that every part of this system remains healthy
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14
Q

What is the scientific name of plasma

A

Plasma

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15
Q

What is the scientific name of red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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16
Q

What is the scientific name of white blood cells

A

Leukocytes

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17
Q

What is the scientific name of platelets

A

Thrombocytes

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18
Q

What is the function of plasma

A

Contains all cells and flows through vessels

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19
Q

What is the function of he erythrocytes

A

Carry oxygen around the blood

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20
Q

What is the fiction of the leukocytes

A

They assist is immune system and fight foreign bodies

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21
Q

What is the function of the thrombocytes

A

They assist with blood clotting

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22
Q

What is the structure of the heart

A
  • It is a muscular organ
  • It has 4 internal chambers ( 2 atria and 2 ventricles )
  • It is roughly the same size as a man’s closed fist
  • Two thirds of the heart’s mass lies to the left of the midline, which is why the left lung only has two lobes and the right lung as three lobes
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23
Q

What causes the heart to beat

A

The muscles in the heart contracting and relaxing

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24
Q

How does the heart keep pumping

A

It needs a constant supply of energy, such as nutrients and oxygen. The heart cells use the oxygen and nutrients for cellular respiration which gives the muscles energy to beat

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25
Q

What supplies the heart with oxygenated and nutrient - rich blood

A

The left and right coronary arteries

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26
Q

What will happen if one of the coronary arteries become blocked

A
  • the blood will flow slower
  • oxygen will move around the body slower
  • muscles and organs will not receive enough oxygen
  • clots could form
  • thrombosis could occur ( local clotting )
  • death
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27
Q

What are the four internal chambers of the heart

A 
Left atrium ( top ) 
Right atrium ( top )
Left ventricle ( bottom )
Right ventricle ( bottom )
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28
Q

What are the two atria

A

They are thin-walled chambers and they receive blood from the veins

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29
Q

What are the two ventricles

A

They are thick walled chambers and they forcefully pump blood from the heart into the arteries

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30
Q

What is the septum

A

It is the muscular wall that divides the left and right side of the heart. It also prevents to oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.

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31
Q

What is the function of the valves

A

They keep the fluid/ blood from flowing in one direction

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32
Q

What do the atrio-ventricular valves do

A

They close, when the ventricles contract, to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria

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33
Q

What do semilunar valves do

A

They close, when the ventricles relax, to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles

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34
Q

What sound does the heart make and what is it caused by

A

The heart makes the sound ‘lub-dub’ and it is caused by

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35
Q

How many pumps are there

A

There are 2 pumps, one on the left and one on the right working simultaneously.

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36
Q

Where does the blood go

A

Deoxygenated blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and then is pumped into the lungs to receive oxygen. From the lungs, the oxygenated blood flows to the left atrium to the left ventricle and then it is pumped to all the body cells.

37
Q

Summary of where the blood goes

A

The heart pumps blood to the lungs through pulmonary circulation and to the rest of the body through systemic circulation. This is accomplished by systematic contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscle.

38
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

Transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle, via the pulmonary artery, to the lungs for oxygen. It then returns oxygenated blood, via the pulmonary veins, to the left atrium

39
Q

Systemic circuit

A

It provides the blood supply for all the body tissues. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the body cells and then picks up carbon dioxide and waste products. The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, via the aorta , to the arteries. It then moves to the capillaries in the tissues of the body. From the tissue capillaries, the deoxygenated blood returns through a system of veins, via the inferior vena cava or superior vena cava, to the right atrium of the heart

40
Q

What do both atria and ventricles do

A

Both atria contract at the same time and both ventricles contract at the same time

41
Q

Flow diagram of where the blood goes starting at the right atrium and ending with the right atrium

A

Right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> capillaries in lungs -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aortic valve -> aorta -> capillaries in body cells -> superior/ inferior vena cava -> right atrium

42
Q

What is the difference between systemic and pulmonary circuits in where they transport substances

A

Systemic goes to all body cells and pulmonary goes to the lungs.

43
Q

What is the difference between the systemic and pulmonary circuits in what type of blood they carry

A

The systemic carries oxygenated blood and the pulmonary carries deoxygenated blood.

44
Q

What is the difference between the systemic and pulmonary in the vessels they have

A

The systemic has the aorta and the superior and inferior vessels, and the pulmonary has the pulmonary veins and the pulmonary artery.

45
Q

What is the difference between the systemic and pulmonary in where they pump from

A

The systemic pumps from the left side of the heart and the pulmonary pumps from the right side of the heart

46
Q

Where does the aorta pump to and from

A

It pumps to all the body cells, from the left ventricle

47
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery pump to and from

A

It pumps to the lungs, from the right ventricle.

48
Q

Where does the superior vena cava pump to and from

A

It pumps to the right atrium, from the upper body

49
Q

Where doses the inferior vena cava pump to and from

A

It pumps to the right atrium, from the lower body cells.

50
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins pump to and from

A

They pump to the left ventricle, from the lungs

51
Q

What is heart disease

A

It is any disease that affects the ability of the heart to perform its function.

52
Q

What are some different types of heart disease

A

Some diseases affect the ability of the valves yo open and close and others affect the hearts ability to pump

53
Q

What are the coronary arteries

A

They are arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood. When oxygenated blood flows through the aorta, some of the blood flows into the coronary arteries. The coronary artery is divided into a left and right coronary artery which take blood deep into the left and right parts of the heart muscles

54
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

It is a common disorder of the arteries. Fat, cholesterol and other substances collect in the walls of the arteries. Large accumulations of these substances are called atheromas or plaque and this can damage the walls and

55
Q

Hat would happen if the coronary arteries became blocked

A

The blood could flow in the wrong direction. Too little blood will reach the lungs for re-oxygenation and the body cells

56
Q

What are blood vessels

A

They are conduits or channels through which blood is distributed throughout the body. The blood circulatory system is a closed system which means it is not open to the outside and blood is totally enclosed within the blood vessels and the heart

57
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart. Transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Blood is pumped from the ventricles into large elastic arteries that branch repeatedly into smaller and smaller arteries until the branching results in microscopic arteries called arterioles. They have thick, muscular walls because they carry blood at high pressure.

58
Q

What do systemic arteries do

A

They transport oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body tissue

59
Q

What do arterioles do

A

They play a key role in regulating blood flow into the tissue capillaries.

60
Q

What do the muscular walls of the arteries do

A

They don’t only provide support for vessel, but also change vessel diameter to regulate blood flow and blood pressure

61
Q

What is 10% of the total blood volume at any given time

A

It is the systemic arterial system

62
Q

Capillaries

A

The smallest most numerous of the blood vessels. They form the connection between the vessels that carry blood away from the heart ( arteries ) and vessels that return blood to the heart ( veins ). Capillaries have a network of tissue cells called the capillary bed/ network. Capillary distribution varies with the metabolic activity of body tissue.

63
Q

How thick/thin are the walls of the capillaries

A

They are only one cell thin

64
Q

What is the primary function of the capillaries

A

The exchange of gasses, nutrients and metabolic waste between blood and tissue cells ( Gaseous exchange - respiration and nutrient exchange - digestion ).

65
Q

Which tissues have extensive capillary networks

A

The muscles, liver and kidneys because they are metabolically active and require an abundant supply of oxygen and nutrients

66
Q

What is about 5% of the total blood volume at any given time

A

The systemic capillaries and another 10% is in the capillaries in the lungs

67
Q

How d substances pass through the capillary wall

A

Through diffusion and osmosis

68
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart. After blood passes through the capillaries, it enters the smallest veins, called venules, and then it flows into the progressively lager and larger veins until it reaches the heart. They have the same three layers as the arteries. It has a less smooth muscle and connective tissue, this makes the walls of the veins thinner and than those of arteries because the blood pressure in the veins is a lot less. Because the walls are thinner and less rigid, veins can hold more blood

69
Q

What is almost 70% of the total blood volume at any given time

A

The veins

70
Q

What do medium and large veins have

A

They have valves to keep the blood flowing towards the heart. They are most important in arms and legs to prevent back flow because of gravity

71
Q

Where is the remaining 5% of total blood volume found at any given time

A

In the heart

72
Q

Why is blood the fluid of growth

A

It transports nourishment from digestion and hormones from glands throughout the body.

73
Q

Why is blood the fluid of health

A

It transports disease fighting substances to the tissue and waste to the kidneys

74
Q

What do red and white blood cells do

A

They clean and nourish the body.

75
Q

What is whole blood

A

It is blood that flows through this network of veins and arteries. It is a mixture of blood cells and plasma

76
Q

What does whole blood contain

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
These are mostly manufactured in the bone marrow. They travel through the circulatory system trough a yellow fluid called plasma

77
Q

What is plasma

A

It is 90% water and contains nutrients, proteins, hormones and waste products

78
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Shaped like slightly indented flat discs. Contain iron-rich protein called haemoglobin. As the red blood cells travel through the body, the haemoglobin said release oxygen to the tissues. The body contains more red bloods cells than any other type of cell. Every day the body produces new red blood cells to replace the ones that have died or have been lost from the body

79
Q

How does good get its red colour

A

It gets its bright red colour when haemoglobin in red blood cells picks up oxygen in the lungs.

80
Q

How long is the lifespan of a red blood cell

A

About 4 months

81
Q

Leukocytes

A

Key part of the body’s immune system. They are able to move in and out of the blood stream to reach affected tissue. Blood contains far fewer white blood cells than red blood cells. The body can increase the production of white blood cells to fight infection,.

82
Q

What is the lifespan of a white blood cell

A

There are many types of white blood cells and their lifespans vary from a few days to months

83
Q

How often and where, are new cells being formed

A

They are constantly being formed and they are formed in the yellow bone marrow

84
Q

Where is bone marrow found

A

In the centre of the bone

85
Q

Thrombocytes

A

They are irregularly shaped cell fragments that help in the clotting process. When a blood vessel breaks, platelets gather in the area, secrete fibrinogen fibres which form a ‘net’ and help seal of the leak.

86
Q

How long is the lifespan of a thrombocyte

A

About 9 days and are continually being replaced by new cells

87
Q

What else helps with clotting

A

Blood contains important proteins called clotting factors. Although platelets on their own can plug small blood vessel leaks and temporarily stop or slow bleeding, the action of clotting factors is needed to produce a strong, stable clot.

88
Q

Clotting factors

A

Platelets and clotting factors work together to form solid lumps a to seal leaks, wounds, cuts and scratches to prevent bleeding inside and on the surface of our bodies. Clotting is like a puzzle, if the last piece is missing, it won’t clot properly,

Kirsty Biology 2016 (11 decks)

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