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TCM Theory > 8 Principles > Flashcards

8 Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What does Ba Gang mean?

A

The eight principles.

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2
Q

What are the eight principles?

A

Yin & Yang
Interior & Exterior
Hot & Cold
Empty / Full

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3
Q

What factors do we look at to determine what a client may be suffering from?

A
  • Vital substances
  • Channels (jing Luo)
  • Zang Fu (Zang Xiang)
  • 5 Elements (Wu Xing)
  • External pathogenic factors (climates)
  • 6 Divisions (channels)
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4
Q

What are the patterns of the vital substance dependent on?

A

Patterns based on qi, xue, jin-ye, shen and jing.

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5
Q

What are the 6 divisions?

A 
Tai Yang
Yang Ming
Shao Yang
Shao Yin
Jue Yin
Tai Yin
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6
Q

What does categorising based on yin and yang mean?

A

Categorising yin and yang symptoms, general nature of the disharmony.

Is the person effected by yin or yang? What is there more of? Then the condition is yin and yang. Then we move to where is the condition? Is it internal and external? E.g. Yin external

If the condition has more yang than yin then it is a yang condition and vice versa

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7
Q

What does categorising based on interior and exterior mean?

A

Where is the location of the disorder?

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8
Q

What does categorising based on hot and cold mean?

A

Hot/cold relates to the nature of the disorder

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9
Q

What does categorising based on full / empty mean?

A

Full/empty: relates to the relationship between the body qi and pathogenic qi

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10
Q

What does a yin condition look like?

A

Yin condition: Yang is normal, yin is in excess. Yang is deficient, yin is normal. There is more yin in both of these cases therefore it is a yin condition. Full yin, empty yang.

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11
Q

What is an external / exterior condition?

A

Surface of the body, skin and body hair, space between skin and muscle, nose and throat

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12
Q

What is an internal / interior condition?

A

Internal: refers to the location of disharmony is in the internal organs.

Usually caused by the emotions or miscellaneous factors.
Caused by an external pathogen that has moved to the interior of the body.

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13
Q

How do exterior conditions invade the body?

A

Exterior pathogenic factors invade the body through skin, muscle and channels or through the mouth and nose. Rapid onset, short duration.

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14
Q

How do exterior conditions move into the channels?

A

Channel pathology: they move into the channels on the superficial exterior pathway (skin). Usually slower onset but can be acute or chronic.

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15
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of an external condition?

A

Exterior: aversion to cold, fever or no fever, no or little change on the tongue or coating, superficial (floating) pulse.

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16
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of an internal condition?

A

Interior: No aversion to cold, fever or no fever, obvious change on the tongue body and coating, deep various pulse qualities based on the specific conditions.

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17
Q

What is a half-interior and half-exterior condition?

A

The pathogenic factor and the body qi struggle in the area between exterior and interior

Disharmony could be both internal and external, a combination of an internal/external condition

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18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a half-interior and half-exterior condition?

A
  • Internal conditions that manifest on the surface e.g. skin conditions that appear on the surface that manifest from the imbalance at an internal level.
  • Exchange of exterior and interior conditions: exterior pathogens that penetrate and cause an interior condition
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19
Q

What does body qi have to do with interior and exterior conditions?

A

If body qi is strong, an interior pathogen can be treated to move out to the exterior and manifest as exterior signs and symptoms

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20
Q

Can you have hot and cold present in the body at the same time?

A

You can have cold and hold in two different places in the body e.g hot in the head, cold in the feet.

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21
Q

How do cold conditions occur?

A

Cold conditions: can occur due to cold pathogenic energy accumulating in the body (can be exterior and interior), insufficency of yang (cold and empty)

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22
Q

What are cold signs and symptoms?

A

Slow deliberate movement, withdrawn, introverted, fear of cold, desire for warmth, pain better with warm (cold conditions), watery odourless stool, thin/clear or white excretions, no thirst or a mild thirst with the desire for hot drinks, white tongue moss or slow pulse.

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23
Q

What is full (excess) cold?

A

Full (excess) cold: can be external or internal, is a manifestation of excess yin: yang is normal, yin is in excess. External factors can penetrate the body, invade the channels and then the organs. Can penetrate into the stomach, intestines and uterus. Can arise from internal causes such as the diet: cold, raw and icy drinks. Treatment principle is to expel the cold.

24
Q

What are the main signs of full (excess) cold?

A

Chilliness, cold limbs, no thirst, pain worse on pressure but improved by heat, desire for warm drinks, loose stools. Pulse: deep full, tight and possibly slow, tongue: pink body with thick white coating

25
Q

What is empty cold?

A

Empty-cold (deficiency of yang): arises when yang is weak and fails to warm the body. Yang is deficient, yin is normal. Yin condition. E.g. Yin internal empty cold. Can be used by consumption of inadequate warming foods and drinks, excessive physical activity, internal cold, tonify and warm yang to treat.

26
Q

What are the main signs of empty cold?

A

Chilliness, cold limbs, pale face, no thirst, pain, better on pressure and improved by heat, spontaneous sweating, loose stools with undigested food, profuse and clear urination, pulse: deep, slow and weak. Tongue: pale, wet and swollen with a thin white coating

27
Q

What is a hot condition?

A

hot pathogenic energy present, hyperactivity of yang qi (hot and full)

28
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of a hot condition?

A

Quick, agitated movement, red face eyes, hot to touch, fever or irritability, thirsty, scanty urine, constipation with dry stool, putrid excretions

29
Q

What is full (excess) heat?

A

Can be external or internal, is a manifestation of excess yang, yin is normal. In the head (rise up), can be caused from diet (alcohol, red meat, hot spices), emotional stress, lifestyle such as smoking, can arise from external factors that penetrate interior and turn into heat, treatment is to clear heat and drain fire.

30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of full (excess) heat?

A

Rapid and forceful pulse (flooding), red face, thirst, tongue: red, swollen with thick and yellow coating.

31
Q

What is empty heat?

A

Yang will be in relative excess, yang is normal but yin is weak/deficient. Hot condition occurs due to too much heat and the lack of cooling energy from yin. Treatment principle is to nourish yin.

32
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of empty heat?

A

Afternoon fever, feeling of heat in the afternoon, dry mouth, dry throat at night, night sweats. 5 hearts heat. Dry stools, scanty-dark urine, mental restlessness, fidgeting, vague anxiety. Pulse: floating-empty, tongue: thin, dry, red

33
Q

Is it possible for the exchange of hot and cold patterns?

A

A cold pattern can change into hot and vice versa, there can be a combination of hot and cold in the body. Hot in the upper jiao and cold in the lower jiao and vice versa.

34
Q

What are true and false patterns of heat and cold?

A

In some cases, there may be contradictory Hot & Cold signs and symptoms.
A patient can present with mixed symptoms of Hot and Cold, some of the symptoms are illusionary.

35
Q

What is an example of true and false heat?

A

An example is the red cheeks seen in many cases of True Cold - False Heat.

The cheeks are red, and the rest of the face is white.
The condition is actually Cold. There is not really Heat. The redness is caused by what little Yang there is “floating”.
False Heat and False Cold are more likely to happen in extreme conditions.

36
Q

Is false heat and false cold an illusion?

A

Yes…

In False Heat and False Cold there is no Heat or Cold, the appearance is an illusion.

37
Q

What is one way to determine if a condition is heat or cold?

A

When considering Cold & Heat the tongue body almost always reflects the true condition. If the tongue body is pale, it’s almost always due to Cold. If the tongue body colour is red, it’s almost always due to Heat.

38
Q

What is EMPTY (DEFICIENT) AND FULL (EXCESS)?

A

These two principles analyse the opposing forces between the body energy and the pathogenic factors during the course of a disease.

Empty conditions refer to a weakness of body energy (Zheng Qi) and the absence of a pathogenic factor (Xie Qi).

Full conditions refer to the presence of pathogenic factors, which may be Interior or Exterior, or to a stagnation of body energy.

The Zheng Qi is relatively strong and actively fighting against the pathogenic factor.

39
Q

What is an empty condition?

A

Characterised by Deficiency of Body Qi (Zheng Qi) & the absence of a pathogenic factor.

Factors such as dietary, lifestyle, emotional & genetic lead to a weakness of the body’s energy.
Deficiency conditions are Chronic.
The pulse is Deficient.
There are 4 types of Deficiency: Qi, Yang, Blood or Yin.
The specific S&S will vary depending on the Vital Substance and on the Organs involved in the Deficiency.

40
Q

What is a full condition?

A

Characterised by the presence of a pathogenic factor (Xie Qi).

Body Qi is relatively strong & is actively fighting against the Xie Qi.
Generally, more Acute.
The pulse is Full.
Exterior Excess involves Exterior pathogenic factors - Wind, Cold, Damp, Heat.
Interior Excess involves the accumulation of Cold, Damp, Phlegm, Wind, Heat & Fire.
Also, stagnation of Qi & stasis of Blood.

41
Q

How do you determine an empty or full condition?

A
  1. If there is a pathogenic energy present.

2. The strength of the body’s energy (Qi, Blood, Yin, Yang).

42
Q

How can empty condition be determined?

A

Relates to a deficiency of one or more body energy.
Empty conditions can be distinguished according to which of the following is deficient.

QI
BLOOD
YIN
YANG

43
Q

What are the sings and symptoms of empty conditions?

A

Empty conditions are chronic.
Clinical manifestations will vary depending on which organ and which substance is deficient.

The general signs & symptoms are:
Listlessness
Fatigue
Weak voice
 Shallow respiration
 Dull pain, alleviated by pressure 
 Symptoms are worse with exertion
 Weak/empty-type pulse
 Thin tongue moss
44
Q

How is fullness caused?

A

Fullness comes from an accumulation of pathogenic energy causing obstruction, or stagnation of body energy.

45
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of fullness?

A 
Full conditions can be acute or chronic.
 The general signs & symptoms are:
Severe pain
Pain which is worse on pressure
Distention
Loud voice
Coarse breathing
 Strong-type pulse
 Thick tongue moss.
46
Q

What are the treatment principles of empty?

A

Deficient conditions are supplemented – terminology used includes to tonify, nourish, fortify.

47
Q

What are the treatment processes of full?

A

In general Excess conditions are reduced – terminology used includes to clear, expel, resolve, move, eliminate, subdue.

48
Q

What are the combinations of yin and yang according to the 8 principle patterns?

A

YIN/YANG
YIN INCLUDES: INTERIOR, DEFICIENT, COLD CONDITIONS.
YANG INCLUDES: EXTERIOR, EXCESS, HEAT CONDITIONS.
THERE CAN BE A DEFICIENCY OF YIN OR YANG, COLLAPSE OF YIN OR YANG.
THERE CAN BE A FULLNESS OF YIN OR YANG.

49
Q

What are the combinations of interior / exterior according to the 8 principle patterns?

A

INTERIOR/EXTERIOR
THERE CAN BE YIN OR YANG IN THE EXTERIOR, OR IN THE INTERIOR.
AN EXTERIOR CONDITION CAN MOVE TO THE INTERIOR, OR AN INTERIOR CONDITION CAN MOVE TO THE EXTERIOR.

50
Q

What are the combinations of cold / heat according to the 8 principle patterns?

A

COLD/HEAT COMBINATION
COLD ON THE EXTERIOR / HEAT ON THE INTERIOR.
HEAT ON THE EXTERIOR / COLD ON THE INTERIOR.
HEAT ABOVE / COLD BELOW.
COLD ABOVE / HEAT BELOW.
TRUE COLD-FALSE HEAT / TRUE HEAT-FALSE COLD.

51
Q

What are the combinations of deficiency / excess according to the 8 principle patterns?

A

DEFICIENCY OF QI, YANG, BLOOD AND/OR YIN, TOGETHER WITH:
EXCESS (ACCUMULATION) OF PATHOGENS – DAMP, HEAT, COLD.
STAGNATION OF QI, BLOOD.

52
Q

What are the yang pathogenic factors?

A

Wind, summer-heat, dryness and fire which therefore tend to injure yin.

53
Q

What are yin pathogenic factors?

A

Cold and dampness which tend to injure yang.

54
Q

What is the relationship of the 5 seasons, organs and pathogenic factors?

A 
Wind = Spring (Liver)
Cold = Winter (kidneys)
Summer-heat = Summer (heart)
Dampness = Late summer (spleen)
Dryness = Autumn (Lungs)
55
Q

What pathogenic factor can only be external?

A

Summer-Heat

56
Q

What else can be considered a pathogenic factor?

A

Phlegm and blood stasis due to the fact that they can cause disharmony.

TCM Theory (14 decks)

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