8. POLITICAL VIOLENCE, 9. COUP D'ETAT, & 10. WAR

Question 1

A part of “contentious politics” or collective political struggle, but also more peaceful protest movements

Answer 1

Political violence

Question 2

How political, economic, and social processes cause political violence

Answer 2

Macro-theories

Question 3

Political violence processes that involve individuals and households, like who participates in violence and what motivates people to participate

Answer 3

Micro-theories

Question 4

Illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus to unseat the sitting executive

Answer 4

Coup d’etat

Question 5

A conflict among political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and magnitude

Answer 5

War

Question 6

Armed conflicts of powerful states with isolated and powerless peoples

Answer 6

Pacifications, military expeditions/explorations

Question 7

Small states

Answer 7

Interventions or reprisals

Question 8

With internal groups; if the resistance is sufficiently strong or protracted, may achieve a magnitude that entitles them to the name “war” (civil war)

Answer 8

Rebellions or insurrections

Question 9

War as a rational instrument of state policy

Answer 9

Von Clausewitz

Question 10

[THEORY] Study of animal warfare may contribute toward an understanding of war as employed by man

Answer 10

Ethology

Question 11

[THEORY] Aggressive behavior usually arises from several drives: rivalry for possession, the intrusion of a stranger, or frustration of an activity

Answer 11

Ethology

Question 12

[THEORY] Improved social adjustment of individuals would decrease frustration, insecurity, and fear; thus reducing the likelihood of war.

Answer 12

Psychology

Question 13

[THEORY] Innate aggressiveness in man; others: public opinion and its influence, particularly in times of tension; importance of decision makers and the need for their careful selection and training.

Answer 13

Psychology

Question 14

[THEORY] Autocratic governments, which were presumed to wage war against the wishes of peacefully inclined people; and support the role of international organizations to prevent war

Answer 14

Liberal theory

Question 15

[THEORY] Karl Marx attributed war not to the behavior of states but to the class structure of society; wars occurred not as a voluntary instrument of state policy but as the result of a clash of social forces

Answer 15

Socialist Theory

Question 16

[THEORY] As long as individual states can identify themselves with explosive differences in beliefs, the probability of a war between states is increased

Answer 16

Nationalism

Question 17

[THEORY] Sociologically oriented; focus on the roles played within the state by various special-interest groups

Answer 17

Special interest groups

Question 18

[THEORY] War, while terrible, is not always the worst option; important responsibilities, undesirable outcomes, or preventable atrocities may justify war

Answer 18

Just war theory (jus bellum iustum)

Question 19

Under just war theory, this is the morality of going to war; right to go to war

Answer 19

Jus ad bellum

Question 20

Under just war theory, this is the moral conduct within war

Answer 20

Jus in bello

Question 21

Under just war theory, this is the morality of post-war settlement and reconstruction

Answer 21

Jus post bellum

Question 22

Cogently defines war as a rational instrument of foreign policy: “an act of violence intended to compel our opponent to fulfill our will.”

Answer 22

Von Clausewitz