1. LIBERAL DEMOCRACY

Question 1

Considered democracy as a flawed rule of the many

Answer 1

Aristotle

Question 2

Democracy’s core value is equality

Answer 2

Alexis de Tocqueville

Question 3

Democracy involves self-government

Answer 3

Alexis de Tocqueville

Question 4

Democracy promotes or expresses the common good

Answer 4

Alexis de Tocqueville

Question 5

Challenged the classical view of democracy where the focus is on direct citizen participation

Answer 5

Joseph Schumpeter

Question 6

Political representation, government as a representative democracy, and the process of forming it

Answer 6

Joseph Schumpeter

Question 7

The public good is not an ideal, but manifestation of the actual functioning democracy

Answer 7

Joseph Schumpeter

Question 8

Democracy - institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people’s vote

Answer 8

Joseph Schumpeter

Question 9

Homogenous entity held by a shared general will

Answer 9

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 10

Particular preferences will naturally gravitate toward or can be rationally persuaded to converge on common and morally worthwhile ends

Answer 10

John Stuart Mill

Question 11

Focus of democratic theory

Answer 11

Meaning, Institutions, Value

Question 12

Active participation of citizens in public affairs; the interaction of citizens as equals; and mutual trust and respect among citizens (social capital)

Answer 12

Putnam

Question 13

Democratic government requires, among other things, a relatively passive citizenry that concerns itself with governmental affairs only to vote

Answer 13

Joseph Schumpeter

Question 14

According to Madison, in a democratic setup, it is best that the factions of a republic be widely diffused across a large jurisdiction and governmental functions be exercised exclusively by representatives who are constrained by the checks and balances of a division of powers

Answer 14

Protective democracy

Question 15

According to Mill, nearly all people have the moral and intellectual potentials for mutually enriching cooperative behavior and that democracy can help to develop these potentials

Answer 15

Developmental democracy

Question 16

A highly developed economy and modern society (North American and European Model) enables democracy

Answer 16

Dahl

Question 17

The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good… is not a sufficient warrant.

Answer 17

John Stuart Mill

Question 18

The most important liberties to protect: freedoms of conscience, thought and feeling, holding and expressing opinions, pursuing one’s life plans, and combining with others for any (non-malicious)

Answer 18

John Stuart Mill

Question 19

The perfect government is a representative democracy

Answer 19

John Stuart Mill

Question 20

Promotes overall social utility or happiness

Answer 20

Utilitarianism

Question 21

Individuals as the basic explanatory units of society

Answer 21

Causal determinism or methodological individualism

Question 22

Individuals as autonomous agents deserve equal respect

Answer 22

Kantian

Question 23

Seek to justify liberal-democratic principles in hypothetical agreements among rational and self-interested individuals

Answer 23

Contractarian (Rawls)

Question 24

People’s values are socially informed by their group memberships

Answer 24

Collectivism

Question 25

Support of multicultural group rights, since these memberships provide a ‘context of choice’ essential for autonomous action

Answer 25

Collectivism

Question 26

Respect the freedom of individuals to act on their preferences rather than being obliged to forgo this ability or to adjust their preferences to socially determined goals

Answer 26

Individualism

Question 27

Autonomist conception of freedom and the ability simply to act on present preferences, so people may still be free even if their aspirations are fixed or determined outside their own control

Answer 27

Positive liberty

Question 28

Ability of an individual to use and develop his own capacities under his own conscious control for his own human purposes

Answer 28

Developmental liberty

Question 29

The absence of impediments deliberately placed by some people in the way of other people’s efforts to pursue their chosen goals

Answer 29

Negative liberty

Question 30

Interconnection of individual freedom and civic participation with the promotion of the common good

Answer 30

Civic republicanism

Question 31

Political constitution is aimed at securing the common good of all its citizens

Answer 31

Civic republicanism

Question 32

This task is chiefly fulfilled by the successful promotion of key ideals, such as mixed constitutions, civic virtue, and patriotism

Answer 32

Civic republicanism

Question 33

Political institutions are restrained by certain principles, such as the separation of powers and the principle of checks and balances

Answer 33

Civic republicanism

Question 34

A type of civic republicanism in which individuals can best realize their essential social nature in a democratic society characterized by active participation in political life

Answer 34

Neo-Athenian or Aristotelian

Question 35

A type of civic republicanism that is a shift away from direct forms of democracy. It holds that the freedom of the individual is closely linked to the freedom of the state.

Answer 35

Neo-Roman or Ciceronian

Question 36

A type of civic republicanism that stresses the need to protect and promote individual freedom against instability, mob rule, factions, and tyrants

Answer 36

Neo-Roman or Ciceronian

Question 37

Institutional arrangements that preserve individual freedom by stressing more modern principles (anti-majoritarian devices like judicial review, representative government, and a strong sense of the rule of law)

Answer 37

Neo-Roman or Ciceronian

Question 38

A type of civic republicanism that ensures that the government does not exercise any arbitrary power over the citizenry

Answer 38

Neo-Roman or Ciceronian

Question 39

Famous adherents of Neo-Roman or Ciceronian civic republicanism

Answer 39

James Madison and Niccolo Machiavelli

Question 40

The essence of politics does not reside in universal value systems but in the constitutive role that political struggle engenders

Answer 40

Ciceronian, Niccolo Machiavelli

Question 41

Purpose of democratic politics is not to arrive at universal “truths” but rather to foster a system where competing hegemonies emerge through political struggle and conflict

Answer 41

Ciceronian, Niccolo Machiavelli

Question 42

The Christian value system based on humility, sanctity, holiness, and compassion was simply incompatible with the classical humanist one based on strength, decisiveness, cunning, power-politics, and the antiquae virtus

Answer 42

Ciceronian, Niccolo Machiavelli

Question 43

Political forces are always in constant and irreducible tension, where the few (i grandi) seek to control and oppress the many (il populo), and the many wish to liberate themselves from the few; this tension is the source of political stability

Answer 43

Ciceronian, Niccolo Machiavelli

Question 44

If a liberal state is one that favors tolerance of people’s pursuits of alternative goods in alternative ways, then how can it avoid tolerating goals or manners of pursuing them that contradict liberal values themselves?

Answer 44

Paradox of tolerance

Question 45

Encouragement of public criticism of government as a precondition for a viable democracy

Answer 45

Margolis

Question 46

Publicly organized debates are necessary; absence of economic disparity and inequality

Answer 46

Cohen and Rogers

Question 47

Considers nationalism as necessary for democracy

Answer 47

Pennock

Question 48

Sees nationalism as incompatible with a democratic open society

Answer 48

Popper