8) PALS Flashcards
Adenosine 1st Dose
0.1 mg/kg rapid IV push (Max: 6 mg).
Adenosine 2nd Dose
0.2 mg/kg rapid IV push (Max: 12 mg).
Adenosine How to administer
RIVP followed by 5-10 mL NS flush via 3 way stop cock
Adenosine Syringe size
3 mL (Adenosine is 6 mg/2mL).
Adults vocal cords @
Pedi Vocal cords @
C4 - 5
C2 - 3
AEIOU-TIPPS reflects major causes of AMS
Alcohol
Epilepsy
Insulin
Opiates
Uremia (Kidney Failure)
Trauma, Temp
Infection
Poisoning
Psychogenic
Shock, Stroke, Seizure
Amiodarone (Bolus & Drip) Supplied as:
Bolus (Pulseless VT/VF):
Drip (Stable Wide Complex Tachycardia):
= 150 mg/3 mL vial.
Use a 10 mL syringe, draw 5 mg/kg (Max: 300 mg).
IV push over 1-2 min.
Mix 150 mg Amiodarone in 250 mL NS.
Macrodrip set (10 gtts/mL) → Target drip rate:
5 mg/kg over 20 min → Calculate gtts/min manually.
Use metronome to maintain rhythm. (CAD)
Amiodarone Dose for Cardiac Arrest
5 mg/kg IV/IO bolus (Max: 300 mg).
Amiodarone Indications
V-Tach, V-Fib refractory to defibrillation.
Anuria
No urination
APGAR Scoring) Scoring
A
P
G
A
R
5 parameters; Scored bad 0 to 2 Normal/healthy
Appearance (skin color)
Pulse rate) Normal 100-180
Grimace (irritability)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiratory effort) Normal 30-60
Fetal Circulation) As soon as a baby takes its 1st breath:
Ductus arteriosus:
Ductus venosus:
Forman Ovale:
= lungs inflate, greatly decreasing pulmonic vascular resistance to blood flow
= closes, diverting blood to the lungs
= closes, stopping blood flow from placenta
= closes stopping blood flow through atriums (now fossis ovalis)
At what heart rate may SVT be present in a 5-year-old?
> 180 BPM
At what heart rate may SVT be present in a 6-month-old?
> 220 beats per minute
Kirinick’s sign:
+ sign indicates:
= bend knee to chest but cant outflex legs
= Meningitis
Bronchiolitis sound:
Occurs commonly:
AKA:
= expiratory wheezing
= in winter <2Yrs
= “Baby asthma”
Brudzinkis sign:
+ sign indicates:
= Supine & flex head feet kick up
= Meningitis
BRUE)
ALTE)
= Brief resolved unexplained event
= Apparent Life threatening event
Infants who are not breathing, cyanotic, and unresponsive sometimes resume breathing and color with stimulation
Classic presentation is characterized by: Distinct change in muscle tone, Change in color, Choking or gagging/apnea , 50% underlying cardiac
Ca-Cl) Pedi Dose
10-20 mg/kg IV (Max: 1g per dose).
Ca-Cl) Indications
Hypocalcemia, Hyperkalemia, CCB/Beta-blocker overdose.
Ca-Cl) Pedi Syringe size
10 mL (10% solution).
Cardiac arrest common etiologies
1st most common Cardiac myopathy from sick)
Prolonged QT syndrome
Commotion cordis
Cardiac arrest in infants & children usually from:
Respiratory failure or arrest
Common Causes of Neonatal Seizures
Hypoxia, hypoglycemia, infection, intracranial hemorrhage, congenital abnormalities
Croup is characterized by
S/S:
Rx:
Notes:
= subglottic edema} laryngotracheobronchitis
= Bark Stridor, ~6Mns-4Yrs, No drooling,
= SVN Epi, Albuterol, RaceEpi
= decrease truck temp b/c cool air helps subglottic edema
Croup vs Epiglottitis) Virus type:
Onset:
Defining S/S:
= (C)Viral (E)Bacterial
=(C)Slow (E)Fast
=(C)Seal cough & Steeple (E)Drooling
Croup vs Epiglottitis) Temp
Usually occurs @:
Common age:
=(C)Low fever101-2 (E)High fever 102-4
=(C)Before bed (E) in Morning/middle of night
=(C)6Mns - 4Yrs (E) 3Yrs - 7Yrs
D25 → D10 (For Neonates/Infants) Supplied as:
How to dilute for infusion:
= D25 (25% solution, 25 g/100 mL bag).
1. Draw 50 mL from a D25 bag.
2. Inject entire 50 mL into 250 mL NS
Mix well → Now D10 (10%).
Administer via manual gtts/min calculation.
D50 → D10 (For Neonates/Infants) Supplied as:
How to dilute for infusion:
D50 (50% solution, 25 g/50 mL vial).
1. Draw 50 mL of D50 (entire vial).
2. Inject into a 500 mL NS bag.
Mix well → Now D10 (10%).
Administer via macrodrip (10 gtts/mL or 60 gtts/mL) per neonatal dosing.
D50 → D25 (For Pediatric Use) Supplied as =
How to dilute for infusion:
= D50 (50% solution, 25 g/50 mL vial).
1. Draw 25 mL of D50 from the vial.
Inject entire 25 mL into a 250 mL NS
Mix well → Now D25 (25%).
Administer via drip set based on pediatric dosing.
Decrease pulmonic defects:
= Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF),
dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries (d-TGA), Levo-Transposition of the Great Arteries (l-TGA)
Dextrose (Pediatric Hypoglycemia) Indications
Hypoglycemia.
Dextrose Dose D50: 1-2 mL/kg IV for
> 2Yrs (Children)
Dextrose Dose D25: 2-4 mL/kg IV. for
2mns - 2Yrs (Infants)
Dextrose Dose D10: 5-10 mL/kg IV for
<2 months (Neonates / Newborns)
Dextrose Pediatric Dosing
- Neonate (<2 months): D10W, 5-10 mL/kg IV
- Infant (2 months-2 years): D25W, 2-4 mL/kg IV
- Child (>2 years): D50W, 1-2 mL/kg IV
Dopamine Dose (High: Alpha effect, Vasoconstriction)
10-20 mcg/kg/min.
Dopamine Dose (Moderate: Beta effect, Inotropy)
5-10 mcg/kg/min.
During pediatric bradycardia with pulses and poor perfusion, at what heart rate should you begin chest compressions?
Less than 60/minute
Epi 1:10) Supplied as:
How to draw & administer:
= 1 mg/10 mL (0.1 mg/mL) pre-filled syringe.
= Attach a 3-way stopcock to a 10 mL flush.
Connect 1 mg/10 mL Epinephrine syringe to the stopcock.
Turn the stopcock, draw required dose into a 1 mL syringe.
Administer rapid IV push, then flush with 10 mL NS.
Dose = 0.01 mg/kg (Max: 1 mg) every 3-5 min.
Epi 1:1) Dose for Anaphylaxis
0.01 mg/kg (Max 0.3 mg per dose).
Epi 1:1) Indications
Anaphylaxis, Asthma, Croup (Nebulized).
Epi 1:10) Dose
0.01 mg/kg IV/IO (Max single dose: 1 mg).
Etiology of Pediatric Arrest
Respiratory Failure
Hypotensive shock
Cardiopulmonary Failure
Asphyxial Arrest (lack of perfusion & oxygen)
Infant to 1 year)ETT Size:
Type:
Depth of ETT Insertion:
Laryngoscope Blade Size:
3.5–4.0
Uncuffed
9.5–11.0 cm (~2 - 3cm past cords)
1 straight
From what time is a baby classified as an ‘infant’?
From time of birth until 1 year.
Gastric in distention prob/ w/ Pedis
increasing intrathoracic vol = decreasing BP
(Pressure on R-atrium kills Preload & afterload)
Grunting
heard when an infant attempts to keep the alveoli open by building back pressure during expiration
Gurgling
Is coarse, abnormal bubbling sound heard in the airway during inspiration or expiration; can indicate an open chest wound or a foreign body in the airway
Handtevy) for each finger
1,3,5,7,9, weight 10,15,20,25,30
Head bobbing
Is observed when the head lifts and tilts back as the child inhales and then moves forward while exhaling
Heart defect) categories
1 Increase pulmonary blood flow
2 Decrease pulmonary blood flow
3 Obstruct blood flow
Heart defect) dextro-Transposition of the Great Arteries (d-TGA)
categories:
= 1st trimester: TPMA now TAMP
Systems flip flopped
= Decrease pulmonary blood flow
Block Blood flow defects:
= Coarctation of the Aorta,
Pulmonary & Aortic Stenosis
Truncus Arteriosus,
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Heart defect) Levo-Transposition of the Great Arteries (l-TGA)
category:
= LV&RV on wrong side, pulmonic Vs now art,
= Decrease pulmonary blood flow
Heart defects) Coarctation of the Aorta:
categories:
= Narrowinfg of aorta Commonly ductus arterioous most common site, Increased after load & LVF,
= Block blood flow
Heart defects) Pulmonary Stenosis
categories:
= Pulmonary Stenosis: less oxygenation & bad compliance
= Block blood flow
Heart defect) Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome:
category:
= No area for Preload from too much tissue
=Block blood flow
How do you estimate pediatric weight?
New formula: (Age × 3) + 7. Old formula: (Age + 4) × 2.
How often should chest compressors be rotated during pediatric cardiac arrest?
Every 2 minutes
hypervent/ for Child w/ brainstem herniation
hypervent/ for Infant w/ brainstem herniation
ETCO2 target:
= 30 breathes a min (>1yr)
= 35 breathes a min (1mth to 1yr)
= ETCO2 target should be 35 mmHg
hypoglycemic with PEDIs trick:
hypoglycemia Rx for neonate:
hypoglycemia Rx for infant:
= Lots of sick kids hypoglycemic so use bone marrow for BGL
= <45BGL neonate 2
= <60BGL infant
PEDI Ventilation may be impaired by:
Chest Injuries-most 3 prevalent:
Chest Injuries- least 3 prevalent:
Most likely to impede initial stabilization
= Tension pneumothorax, Open pneumothorax, Hemothorax, Flail chest
= Open/closed pneumo, Tension & hemo/ pneumo/
= hemothorax, Flail chest, Cardiac Tamponade (ra
= Open & tension pneumo
Increase pulmonic blood flow (decreased peripheral systemic flow)
=ASD,
VSD,
Patent forman ovale,
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
Infant possible SVT rate
Children possible SVT rate
SVT vs TC
> 220
180
get Hx, if sudden & random onset then SVT
Infants sings of comp/ shock & entering decomp/:
Hypoxica > Tachycardic > Bradycardic
Key Differences in Pediatric Airway Anatomy
- Larger tongue relative to mouth
- Floppy, U-shaped epiglottis
- More anterior & superior larynx
- Narrowest airway @ cricoid cartilage
Key Steps in Pediatric Primary Assessment (ABCDE)
- Airway: Position in neutral sniffing, remove obstructions
- Breathing: Assess rate, effort, SpO₂
- Circulation: HR, pulses, perfusion
- Disability: AVPU/GCS, pupil response
- Exposure: Full assessment, prevent heat loss
Lidocaine (Bolus & Drip) Supplied as:
Bolus:
Drip (Maintenance for Post-Resuscitation):
= 100 mg/5 mL (2%) vial.
Use a 10 mL syringe, draw 1 mg/kg (Max: 100 mg).
IV push over 1-2 min.
Mix 1 g Lidocaine in 250 mL NS.
Macrodrip set (10 gtts/mL) → Target 20-50 mcg/kg/min.
Calculate manual gtts/min, set metronome.
Lidocaine Dose (IV/IO)
1 mg/kg bolus (Max: 100 mg).
Lidocaine Indications
V-Fib, Pulseless VT, PVCs, Wide-complex tachycardia.
Lidocaine Maintenance Infusion
20-50 mcg/kg/min.
Lidocaine Repeat dose
0.5-0.75 mg/kg q5-10 min (Max: 3 mg/kg).
Meningitis:
S/S:
Presentation:
Muscle Tone/Activity:
infection of the meninges Caused by infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites
=Kids/ w/ non-blanchable rash, Fever, AMS, Changes can range from mild H/A to inability to interact appropriately, bulding fontanelles
= small, pinpoint, cherry-red spots or a larger purple/black rash.
= Brudzinski’s & Kirinick’s sign, Nuncal rigity
Moro reflex/“startle reflex,” reflex
When startled, babies throw their arms wide, spreading their fingers and then grabbing instinctively with the arms and fingers. The reflex should be brisk and symmetrical. An asymmetric Moro reflex (in which one arm does not respond exactly like the other) can imply a paralysis or weakness on one side of the body.
Pedi 1st most & 2nd most common arrest rhythm
1 Asystole #2 PEA
Most common type of meningitis:
Most Lethal type of meningitis:
= Viral
= Bacterial
Mottling
“Blonching Blues” seen in sick pedis
Nasal flaring
Occurs from widening of the nostrils; seen primarily on inspiration
Neonatal Airway Management
Position airway, suction only if obstruction present, intubate if necessary
Neonatal CPR Indications
HR < 60 bpm despite ventilation & oxygenation
Neonatal CPR Reassessment Timing
Every 30 seconds, check HR, color, respiratory effort
Neonatal Diarrhea Risks
Can cause severe dehydration & electrolyte imbalances, especially in breastfed infants
Neonatal Heart Rate (HR) Ranges
At birth: 150-180 bpm, stabilizes to 130-140 bpm, HR <100 bpm = distress
Neonatal Inverted Resuscitation Pyramid
Focuses on simple interventions first (warm, dry, position, stimulate), then escalate if needed
Neonatal Respiratory Rate (RR)
Normal 40-60 breaths/min, abnormal if <30 or >60
Neonatal Hypovolemia Shock Signs
Pale, cool skin, poor capillary refill, weak pulses, lethargy
Pedi Oliguria:
decreased urine output] Pedi <1ml/kg/hr
Fetal Circulation) ductus arteriosus:
Connects what w/ what:
= Once in pulmonic artery, the blood enters the structure
= connects the pulmonary artery with the aorta.
Pedi Hypotension criteria cheat
Start @ 90 neonates w/ 60SBP w/ chidlren (1-10Yrs) for foumula
Pedi intubation indications
Bad physical signs NOT MONITORS
Pedi Polyuria
> 3ml/kg
Pedi Resp distress:
Pedi Resp failure:
= “Huffing & Puffing Enough” to sustain life
= “failure to respirate to sustain life” >60RR
Pedi Tension Pneumo decomp:
3rd rib 2nd ICS Chest wall thickness in anterior chest varies from 1.4 – 1.6 cm (0.55 - .63 inches)
Pediatric CPR Compression Depth & Rate
- Depth: 1/3 to 1/2 of chest AP diameter
- Rate: 100-120/min
- Ratios: 30:2 (1 rescuer), 15:2 (2 rescuers), 3:1 (newborns)
Pediatric GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale):
= Modified to assess eye opening, verbal response, motor response
Pediatric GCS 0-24Mns changes:
(E) Alert, shout, pain, none
(M) same but follows commands now spontaneous
(S) Coos, Consolable ,Crys, Crazy, none
Pediatric GCS 2-5Yrs changes:
(E) Alert, shout, pain, none
(M) same but follows commands now spontaneous
(S) Coos, Consolable ,Crys, Crazy, none
Pediatric GCS (Glasgow Coma Scale):
= Modified to assess eye opening, verbal response, motor response
Pediatric Nervous System Considerations
- Brain is larger relative to body size → higher risk for head injury
- Fontanelles remain open until ~18 months
- Spinal cord ends at L3 (vs. L1-L2 in adults)
Pediatric Respiratory Arrest Causes
- Respiratory distress → failure → arrest
- Shock (hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic)
- Sudden cardiac arrest (rare, often arrhythmia-based)
Pediatric Respiratory System Considerations
- Ribs are more pliable → rely more on diaphragm
- Higher oxygen demand & metabolic rate
- Less functional residual capacity (FRC)
Pediatric Shock Types & Causes
- Hypovolemic: diarrhea, Vomiting, hemorrhage
- Distributive: Sepsis, anaphylaxis
- Cardiogenic: Congenital heart defects, myocarditis
- Obstructive: Tension pneumothorax, tamponade
Pediatric Vital Signs Considerations
- HR, RR higher than adults
- BP lower than adults
- Hypotension is a late shock sign
Pertussis AKA:
Absolute sign:
S/S:
= “Whooping cough” bacterial infection (<6Yrs)
= “whoop” sound after a coughing attack
= Low grade fever, Rhonchi, can be dehydrated
Pulmonary Cystic Fibrosis
Rx:
=Disease dysFn/Inoperation alters Na channels creates more channels thus produce mucus,
= Might have to use cuffed ETT & disable pop-off valve b/c high compliance w/ ABC Support
Respiratory Distress:
= Open & Maintainable ,
Tachypnea ,
Good Air Movement,
Tachycardia,
Pallor (pink/white cheek),
Anxiety / Agitation
Respiratory Failure:
= Not Maintainable,
Bradypnea to Apnea,
Poor/Absent Air Movement,
Bradycardia,
Cape Cyanosis,
Lethargy/Unresponsive
Retraction
Is sinking of the skin and soft tissues of the chest visible around and below the ribs and above the collarbone
Wheezing
Is low- or high-pitched sound that occurs when air passes air over mucus secretions or airway is constricted in the bronchi; heard more commonly on expiration; a l
Sick Pedi Symptoms always suspect:
They got menigitis
SIDS
Sudden Infant death Syndrome
When everything else is ruled out & found from autopsy
Signs of Pediatric Increased ICP
- Bulging fontanelles (if <18 months)
- Unequal pupils
- Vomiting, bradycardia, hypertension
Stridor
(2/3 occlusion) Is abnormal, musical, high-pitched sound, more commonly heard on inspiration
Using the 4:2:1 method for maintenance IV infusion, how much fluid should a 5-year-old patient weighing 22 kg receive per hour?
62 mL’s/hour
What 3 shunts are involved in the fetal circulation?
Ductus Venosus later lig terez
Foramen Ovale septum prinium
Ductus Arteriosus
pediatric spine w/ head/neack trauma)
Positive:
Negative:
= no hard aduld discs
Positive: no intervertebral discs so more room for m-nt
Negative: More prone to invisible disc injuries (SCIWORA)
Components of the Primary Assessment Triangle (PAT)?
Appearance (mental status, muscle tone),
Work of Breathing (visible chest movement, effort), Circulation (skin color).
Croup vs Epiglottitis?
Croup: slow onset, barking cough, viral, no drooling, low fever.
Epiglottitis: rapid onset, no barking cough, bacterial, drooling, high fever.
What are the signs of compensated shock?
Restlessness, tachycardia, normal BP, tachypnea, pale/cool/diaphoretic skin.
What are the signs of decompensated shock?
Unresponsiveness, bradycardia, hypotension, impending cardiac arrest.
What are the types of pediatric shock?
Hypovolemic, Distributive, Cardiogenic, & Obstructive shock.
What are the vagal maneuvers for SVT?
Ice pack to face, blowing through a straw, or bear down (Valsalva).
What condition is suspected in a two-week old neonate with vomiting and failure to thrive?
Pyloric stenosis
What does the area become known as after the fetal shunt in the atrial septal wall closes?
Fossa Ovalis
What finding best indicates adequate depth of chest compressions in an infant?
Compressing the chest approximately 1/3 of the AP diameter
What findings are most likely associated with epiglottitis?
Barking cough, Viral infection, Slow onset, Bacterial infection, High fever, Sialorrhea
What indicates a pediatric patient has transitioned from compensated to decompensated shock?
Development of hypotension
What indicates impending respiratory failure in a 5-year-old with severe asthma?
Decrease in responsiveness and respiratory effort
What is Pierre Robin Syndrome?
Small jaw, large tongue, cleft palate, leading to airway obstruction.
What is the 1st line intervention for a 4-year-old with severe bradycardia and signs of cardiac compromise?
Epi 1:10,000 IV/IO
What is the Adenosine dosing for SVT treatment?
1st dose: 0.1 mg/kg (max 6 mg) rapid IV push; 2nd dose: 0.2 mg/kg (max 12 mg).
What is the Amiodarone dose for VF/pulseless VT?
5 mg/kg IV/IO; repeat to max 15 mg/kg (2.2 g in adolescents).
What is the appropriate depth for chest compressions in a child?
2 inches
What is the appropriate depth for chest compressions in an infant?
1 1/2 inches
What is the appropriate endotracheal tube size for a 4-year-old child?
5mm
What is the appropriate length of time to check for a pulse in a pediatric patient?
No more than 10 seconds
What is the cardioversion dosing for unstable SVT or VT?
Initial shock 0.5-1 J/kg; second shock 2 J/kg.
What is the correct administration of Dextrose for a hypoglycemic infant?
5-10 mL’s/kg of D10
What is the correct administration of Dextrose for a hypoglycemic 4-year-old?
2-4 mL’s/kg of D25
What is the correct compression to ventilation ratio during two-rescuer CPR on an infant?
15:2
What is the correct compression to ventilation ratio for CPR on an infant?
30:2
What is the correct epinephrine concentration and dose for pediatric cardiac arrest via IV/IO route?
0.01 mg/kg 1:10,000
What is the correct placement and size of defibrillator pads for a 2-year-old?
Anterior/Posterior with adult pads
What is the CPR rate for a 6-month-old infant found unconscious?
At least 100/minute; ratio 15:2; depth 1/3 to 1/2 the depth of the chest
What is the defibrillation dosing for pulseless VT/VF?
1st shock: 2 J/kg; 2nd shock: 4 J/kg; subsequent shocks up to 10 J/kg.
What is the dextrose dosing for pediatric hypoglycemia?
D10: 5-10 mL/kg <2mn
D25: 2-4 mL/kg 2mn-2Yrs
D50: 1-2 mL/kg. >2Yrs
Omphalocele
abdominal contents protrude through umbilicus, covered by sac;
Gastroschisis?
“Hole for gas” (intestines protrude w/o covering)
What is the dose for the first defibrillation attempt for a pediatric patient found in V-Fib/pVT?
2 J/kg
What is the dose for the second defibrillation attempt for a pediatric patient in V-Fib/pVT?
4 J/kg
What is the dose of amiodarone for pulseless VT/V-Fib during pediatric cardiac arrest?
5 mg/kg
What is the Epinephrine dose for bradycardia?
0.01 mg/kg (0.1 mL/kg) IV/IO of 1:10,000.
What is the estimated weight of a 4-year-old pediatric patient using the formula taught in class?
9 kg
What is the first intervention for a 3-year-old with moderate respiratory distress and an initial pulse oximetry of 88%?
Administer high-flow oxygen via non-rebreather mask
What is the fluid bolus for hypovolemic shock?
20 mL/kg IV/IO over 5-10 min; repeat as needed.
What is the GCS score for a 2-year-old with Eye Opening: To pain, Motor Response: Withdrawal, Verbal: Cries and Screams?
9
What is the GCS score for a 5-year-old with Eye Opening: To verbal, Motor Response: Localizes, Verbal: Inappropriate words?
12
What is the GCS score for a 7-year-old with Eye Opening: To pain, Motor Response: Extension, Verbal: Incomprehensible sounds?
6
What is the hypotension threshold for a 4-year-old child?
Systolic blood pressure less than 70 mmHg + (2 x age in years)
What is the hypotension threshold for a neonate?
Systolic blood pressure less than 60 mmHg
What is the hypotension threshold for an infant?
Systolic blood pressure less than 70 mmHg
What is the initial adenosine dose for pediatric supraventricular tachycardia with pulses?
0.1 mg/kg
What is the initial fluid bolus volume for a 6-month-old suspected of septic shock?
20 mL/kg
What is the Lidocaine dose for VF/pulseless VT?
1 mg/kg IV/IO; additional 0.5-0.75 mg/kg every 5-10 min (max 3 mg/kg).
What is the most common cause of cardiac arrest in children?
Respiratory failure
Epinephrine SVN dosing for croup?
0.5 mL Racemic Epi 2.25% + 4 mL NS OR 1 mL Epi 1:1,000 + 4 mL NS.
What is the next appropriate intervention for a 3-month-old with SVT after an unsuccessful initial dose of Adenosine?
Synchronized cardioversion at 0.5-1 J/kg
What is the next immediate intervention for a 2-year-old with suspected complete foreign body airway obstruction who just went unconscious?
Start CPR
What is the next medication indicated for a 7-year-old in V-Fib after two rounds of defibrillation, CPR, and epinephrine?
Amiodarone 5 mg/kg IV/IO bolus
What is the recommended chest compression rate during pediatric cardiac arrest?
100-120/minute
What is the rescue breathing rate for a pediatric patient?
1 breath every 2-3 seconds
What is the systolic BP threshold for pediatric hypotension?
= Neonates: <60 mmHg
= Infants: <70 mmHg;
= Children (1-10 y/o): <70 + (2 × Age);
= >10 y/o <90 mmHg.
What should a normal newborn’s respiratory rate average?
40–60 breaths per minute.
When does the anterior fontanelle of a pediatric patient generally close?
9-18 months
When does the posterior fontanelle of a pediatric patient generally close?
3 months
posterior fontanelle usually closes
anterior fontanelle closes
= in 2 or 3 months
= between 9 and 18 months
Where do most spinal injuries occur at for pediatric patients?
C2 (phrenic nerve)
heart defect) which causes a L. to R. shunt of blood in the pediatric heart?
Ventricular Septal defect
Which congenital heart defect is considered the most common?
Atrial Septal Defect
Which fetal shunt allows blood to bypass the liver and enter the heart through the inferior vena cava?
Ductus Venosus
Which fetal shunt allows blood to move from the pulmonary artery to the aorta?
Ductus Arteriosus
Which fetal shunt allows blood to move from the right atrium to the left atrium?
Foramen Ovale
Which findings are most likely associated with laryngotracheobronchitis?
Stridor, Viral infection, Low grade fever
Which is not considered part of the Pediatric Assessment Triangle?
Pulses
Why Are Children More Prone to Head Injuries?
- Larger head-to-body ratio
- Weaker neck muscles
- Thinner skull bones
