2 & 3) Obstetrics Flashcards
1 Killer 3rd trimester
Placenta Abruptio
2 Ways to stimulate baby to start respiratory drive
Wax on baby & Foot tapping
Full-term pregnancy:
Premature (preterm):
Postmature:
Hermaphrodites:
= 38-42 Weeks (40 average)
= Any birth before 37 weeks.
= Any birth after 43 weeks.
= Born w/ both sex organs; PC “Intersex”
3 general approaches to tocolysis) 2nd approach:
B/c oxytocin & ADH are secreted from the same area:
= admin/ 1L IV fluid bolus; increases intravascular fluid vol, thus inhibiting ADH secretion from posterior pituitary
= inhibition of ADH secretion also inhibits oxytocin release, often causing cessation of uterine contractions
3 general approaches to tocolysis) if previous failed) 3rd:
= mag-Sulfate or a beta-agonist, such as terbutaline or ritodrine, can be admin/ed to stop labor by inhibiting uterine smooth muscle contraction
Abnormal Delivery Situations
Breech Presentation, Prolapsed Cord, Limb Presentation, Occiput Posterior Position, Multiple Births, Cephalopelvic Disproportion, Precipitous Delivery, Shoulder Dystocia, Meconium Staining
Abortion classifications) incomplete abortion:
= Abortion in which some but not all fetal tissue has been passed. associated with a high incidence of infection.
Abortion classifications) Potential) Threatened abortion:
= unexplained vaginal bleeding during 1st half of pregnancy in which the cervix is slightly open & fetus remains alive in uterus (some cases the fetus still can be saved)
Abortion classifications) Potential) Inevitable abortion:
= bleeding w/ severe cramping & cervical dilation but the fetus hasn’t yet passed from uterus & cannot be saved
Abortion classifications) spontaneous abortion:
commonly called what & generally result of:
Most spontaneous abortions occur:
Common occurrences:
= Naturally occurring expulsion of the fetus prior to viability
= miscarriage; generally from chromosomal abnormalities
= before week 12 of pregnancy.
= Many occur w/in 2Wks after conception & mistaken for menstrual periods
Abortion classifications) elective abortion:
Most elective abortions are performed during:
2nd-trimester elective abortions:
3rd-trimester elective abortions
Elective abortions in 1st & 2nd trimesters:
= termination is desired & requested by mom
= the 1st trimester (less complication chances)
= Some clinics perform although higher complication rate
= are generally illegal in this country.
= have been legal in the US since 1973.
Uterine inversion) Rx step 1
NEVER EVER:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Uterus Replacement technique:
If this single attempt is unsuccessful:
1= place supine & begin oxygen (if hypoxic). Do not attempt = attempt to detach placenta or pull on the cord
2= Initiate 2 big-bore IVs of NS & begin fluid resuscitation
3=Make 1 attempt to replace uterus technique
= w/ palms, push fundus of inverted uterus toward vagina
= cover uterus w/ towels moist w/ NS & transport ASAP
Aortocaval compression) Pregnant Cardiac arrest:
= In the pregnant PT, the large gravid uterus can compress the aorta & vena cava when PT supine. To facilitate optimal CPR, the uterus must be manually moved off to allow adequate blood return to the heart. Placing PT other than supine position (tilted 30 degrees left) can compromise CPR.
-B/c of this, its now recommended that all pregnant PT in cardiac arrest w/ ~20Wks gestational or greater receive manual lateral uterine displacement (LUD). If difficult to assess, (morbidly obese) LUD should be provided if possible technically feasible.
3 general approaches to tocolysis) 1st approach
= sedate PT, often w/ narcotics or barbiturates, thus allowing her to rest. Often, after a period of rest, the contractions stop on their own
The puerperium is
the time period surrounding the birth of the fetus.
Assessing contractions)1 Place hand @:
2 Time Contractions:
3 It is important to note:
4 During & between contractions monitor:
1= 1 hand on fundus of uterus.
2= from beginning of 1 contraction until beginning of the next.
3= whether the uterus relaxes completely between contractions.
4= fetal heart tones; Occasional bradycardia occurs during contractions, but the HR should increase to a normal rate after the contraction ends (If baby doesn’t deliver after 20Mins of contractions every 2-3Mins, transport immediately)
Fetal HR failing to return to normal between contractions:
A drop in the fetal HR <90BPM indicates:
= is a sign of fetal distress & transport ASAP
= fetal distress & requires prompt immediate transport w/ PT in L-Lateral Recumbent position
Abortion:
Expulsion of fetus prior to 20 weeks’ gestation
Most common cause of bleeding in 1st & 2nd trimesters
Acrocyanosis
= extremities remain dusky after delivering & drying healthy baby (Very common in 1st Hrs of life
Mom) After 32 weeks and until pregnancy ends, uterus fills:
3rd trimesters anatomical change:
3rd Trimester v/s change:
Possible effects from changes:
Vascular vol/ increase accompanied by <increase in RBC Result:
1= abdominal cavity to level of lower rib margin.
2= Enlarging ABDMMN increases ABDMN P. displaces diaphragm upward
3= Reduced lung capacity, +Circ 45%, +15% CO BPM, CO +40%
4= Anemia <RBC 45% from not keeping up w/ RBC
5= anemia becomes consideration w/ aggressive fluid resuscitation for shock
Amenorrhea:
Primary Amenorrhea:
2ndary Amenorrhea :
= Absence of menstruation
= Never started periods.
= Periods stopped after being regular.
amniotic sac:
After the 20th week of gestation:
= Baby grows in w/ amniotic fluid increasing in vol/ throughout course of the pregnancy.
= the volume varies from 500 to 1,000 mL
Dysmenorrhea:
= Pain/”Severe discomfort” during menstruation & commonly goes w/ PMS
APGAR Scoring) Scoring
A
P
G
A
R
5 parameters; Scored bad 0 to 2 Normal/healthy
Appearance (skin color)
Pulse rate) Normal 100-180
Grimace (irritability)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiratory effort) Normal 30-60