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PARASITOLOGY - 1 > 8 – non Taenia Cestodes and Trematodes > Flashcards

8 – non Taenia Cestodes and Trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Dipylidium caninum

A
  • DH: dogs, cats (people)
  • IH: arthropod intermediate hosts
  • *flee tapeworm
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2
Q

Dipylidium caninum mature segments

A
  • 2 lateral genital pores
  • 2 sets of genitalia per segment
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3
Q

Dipylidium caninum proglottids

A
  • Look like cucumber seeds (‘football’)
  • Might be able to see genital pores with your eyes
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4
Q

Dipylidium caninum egg packets

A
  • Each contains up to 30 eggs
  • Each egg contains a hexacanth larvae
    o May be able to see the hooks
  • *HEAVY: do NOT float well
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5
Q

Dipylidium caninum life cycle

A
  • Adults in SI
  • Drop out egg packets or gravid segments
  • Eaten by flea larvae
    o Cysticercoid (single protoscolex, no cyst)
  • Adult dog and cat fleas with cysticercoid (IH, not a vector!)
  • INGESTED by DOG (ex. biting at flea)
  • **PPP 2-3 weeks
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6
Q

Dipylidium diagnosis

A
  • Based on detection of egg packets
  • Segments in feces=most likely
  • *don’t use fecal floats
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7
Q

Dipylidium control

A
  • Cestocides labeled for dogs and cats
    o Praziquantel (resistance, not a big deal yet)
  • Treat ALL pets in household
  • Flea control imperative
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8
Q

Dipylidium epidemiology/ecology

A
  • Present where you have fleas
  • More common on coasts and further south
  • Global distribution
  • *indirect lifecycle
  • Zoonotic but not directly from pets (need to EAT flea)
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9
Q

Mesocestoides spp.

A
  • DH: dogs, cats, wild canids (PEOPLE) in NA
  • *zoonotic but NOT DIRECTLY from pets (eat IH host)
  • No rostellum
  • Ventral genital pore
  • 2 IH
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10
Q

Mesocestoides spp. gravid segment

A
  • Ventral genital pore
  • Parauterine organ (‘soccer ball’)
  • Segments, NOT eggs in feces
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11
Q

Mesocestoides spp. Tetrathyridium

A
  • In 2nd IH
  • Can divide asexually=amplification in IH
  • 4 suckers on inverted scolex
  • See on ultrasound or abdominal c
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12
Q

Mesocestoides spp. life cycle

A
  • Adults in intestine
  • *poop out gravid segments
  • 1st IH: arthropod?
    o If ingested by dog, dogs=2nd IH (larvae in peritoneal cavity)
  • 2nd IH: reptile, mammal, birds and get tetrahydridia larvae
    o If ingested, then goes to SI
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13
Q

Psuedophyliid Cestodes

A
  • 2 IH
  • Ventral genital pores
  • Fish or broad tapeworms (DH dogs, piscivores, people)
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14
Q

Dibothriocephalus spp. examples: fresh water

A
  • D. latum (walleye)
  • D. dendriticum (whitefish)
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15
Q

Dibothriocephalus spp. examples: marine

A
  • D. ursi (Pacific salmon)
  • D. nihonkaiense (Pacific salmon)
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16
Q

Dibothriocephalus sp. scolex

A
  • Bothrium (no hooks)
    o Clamps onto mucosa and holds it there
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17
Q

Dibothriocephalus sp. Gravid segments

A
  • Ventral genital pore
  • Central coiled uterus
  • *eggs will be shed in feces=can use fecal float
18
Q

Dibothriocephalus sp. Adults

A
  • Long ribbon with central line of ventral genital pores
19
Q

Dibothriocephalus sp. Eggs

A
  • Operculum on one tip
  • Pimple on other tip
20
Q

Dibothriocephalus spp. Plerocercoids

A
  • What is ingested by DH=infective
  • Ex. fish fillet (salmon and white fish)
21
Q

Dibothriocephalus sp. Life cycle

A
  • Adults live for years inside intestines
  • Eggs into water, coracidium pop out
  • *goes into IH 1 (crustacean)
  • Goes into IH 2 (fish)
    o Develop into plerocercoids
    o Eaten by dog or a larger fish (ex. salmon)
  • Dog more likely to eat the bigger fish (salmon)
  • **PPP: 2-4 weeks
22
Q

Dibothriocephalus sp. Diagnosis

A
  • Eggs
  • Segments in feces
23
Q

Dibothriocephalus sp. Control

A
  • Little clinical significance
  • Off label: high dose praziquantel
  • Prevent access to raw fish (freeze or cook)
  • Prevent dogs from fecally contaminating water
24
Q

Dibothriocephalus sp. Epidemiology/ecology

A
  • Not detected in national survey in Canada
  • Distribution detmined by wildlife reservoirs
  • Indirect life cycles (DH: dogs (humans), IH1: crustaceans, IH2: fish or a paratenic host)
  • *zoonotic from eating fish (rarely VitB12 deficiency=pernicious anemia (children)
25
Q

Intestinal flukes: examples

A
  • Alaria spp. : dogs
  • Alaria marcianae: cats (not in Canada)
  • Nanophyetus salmincola: dogs (and cats)
26
Q

Liver flukes; examples

A
  • Metorchus conjunctus: dogs
27
Q

Intestinal and liver flukes

A
  • All potentially zoonotic, but not directly from pets
  • (none detected in national survey, but they used floatation method)
28
Q

Alaria spp.

A
  • DH: dogs (cats, wild, canids, people)
  • 3% shelter dogs in Regina
  • Frogs involved in lifecycle
  • No real issues
29
Q

Alaria sp. Adults

A
  • Anterior alae
    o ‘little tadpole’ with ‘legs’
  • Oral sucker
30
Q

Alaria sp. Eggs

A
  • Operculum
  • Older: can appear partially collapsed
  • Float well: unusual for trematode eggs
    o *sugar float
31
Q

Alaria sp. Life cycle

A
  • In GIT
  • Poop out eggs
  • Miracidium into IH (snails)
    o Asexual reproduction
  • Cercaria can infect frogs (get metacercariae)
    o Infect DH (dogs or humans)
    o Eaten by PT (small mammal) with metacercariae
  • Hepatotraceal migration (no coughing)
  • Cats: some trans-mammary infection to kittens
32
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola

A
  • DH: dogs (cats, people, mesocarnivores)
  • Treat with praziquantel, rickettsia with doxycycline
33
Q

Nanophyetus salmincola transmits

A
  • Neorickettsia helminthoeca
    o Causes salmon poisoning in dogs in BC, NW USA
  • **only on Westcoast
34
Q

Nanophyetus adult

A
  • Tiny (need a microscope to see)
  • Ventral sucker
  • Oral sucker
  • Eggs
35
Q

Nanophyetus life cycle

A
  • Eggs, miracidium, snail
  • Cerdariae into salmonid fish secondary IH (metacercariae)
  • Adults develop inside intestine
  • *cook or freeze animal
36
Q

Metorchis conjuntus

A
  • DH: dogs (rural, remote, northern)
  • Zoonotic but not directly from dogs
  • *usually asymptomatic (maybe serosis in liver, ascites, pancreatitis)
37
Q

Metorchis conjuntus adults

A
  • Ventral and oral sucker
  • End up in bile duct (or pancreatic duct)
38
Q

Metorchis conjuntus egg

A
  • Operculum
  • Lip with opeculum (‘crown’)
  • Smaller than Aleria
39
Q

Metorchis conjuntus life cycle

A
  • Adults, eggs, miracidium, snail first IH
  • Cercariae into sucker fish (2nd IH with metacercariae)
40
Q

Metorchis conjuntus ‘rare case’

A
  • Liver abscess secondary to infection by Metorchis
  • Treated with praziquantel
  • Injected ethanol into liver abscesses
41
Q

Diagnosis of trematodes

A
  • Detection of eggs in feces
    o Ideally sedimentation (NOT FLOATATION)
42
Q

Treatment of trematodes

A
  • Often subclinical (*break life cycle)
  • Off label praziquantel
  • Prevent access to raw fish/frogs (freeze or cook)
  • Prevent dogs from fecally contaminating water

PARASITOLOGY - 1 (14 decks)

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