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PARASITOLOGY - 1 > 11 – Protozoa I > Flashcards

11 – Protozoa I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common protozoan in shelter dogs in Canada?

A
  • Cystoisospora
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2
Q

Protozoa of Vet Importance: categories (4)

A
  • Flagellates
  • Ciliates
  • Apicomplexans
  • Amoebae
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3
Q

Flagellates: categories

A
  • mucosoflagellates
  • haemoflagellates
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4
Q

Mucosoflagellates: general

A
  • direct life cycle
  • *only undergo asexual reproduction
  • Ex. Giardia, Tritrichomonas
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5
Q

Giardia

A
  • Fecal-oral transmission through water
  • Pets can have host-specific genotypes as well as zoonotic genotypes
  • *assume everything is zoonotic (people only get and give zoonotic genotypes)
  • *old man with mustache hair
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6
Q

Life cycle of Giardia sp.

A
  • Host: trophozoites attached to enterocytes and divide by binary fission
  • Shedding is intermittent (can last for months)
  • Feces: a few trophozoites, millions of cysts!
    o Survive months-years in the environment
    o *immediately infective
    o Low dose (10 cysts) needed to infect a new host=CLEAN ENVIRONMENT
  • *PPP: 4-16 days
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7
Q

Giardia characteristics

A
  • Ventral disk to attach to enterocytes
  • Flagellum
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8
Q

Clinical signs of giardiasis

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Acute, chronic or recurring
  • *diarrhea +/- mucous or fat (rarely blood)
  • Flatulence
  • Vomiting (occasionally)
  • Nausea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Food allergies
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9
Q

Food allergies in giardiasis

A
  • Dermatitis due to INCREASED PERMEABILITY of GIT wall to food antigens
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10
Q

Diagnosis of Giardia

A
  • Only test diarrheic animals OR high risk households
  • Multiple fecal samples (3 samples, over 2-3 day intervals)
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11
Q

What are some diagnostic test options?

A
  • Hard to see on a direct, fresh fecal smear
  • Zinc sulfate floatation (cysts)
  • Immunofluorescent assay (IFA) (cyst antigen): DIAGNOSTIC LAB
  • ELISA SNAP test (cyst antigen): IN CLINIC
  • Genotyping difficult for vets
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12
Q

Control of Giardia

A
  • ONLY treat diarrheic animals or high risk household
  • Goal of treatment=decrease clinical signs and environmental contamination (NOT elimination of infection)
  • Inform clients of zoonotic risk
  • Sanitation (BATHE DOG and environment)
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13
Q

Sanitation of environment for Giardia

A
  • Heat
  • Dry
  • Bleach
  • Peroxide
  • Quaternary ammonium
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14
Q

Drugs for control of Giardia

A
  • Metronidazole
  • Fenbendazole
  • Ronidazole (off label use)
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15
Q

Epidemiology in pets (giardia)

A
  • Subclinical common
  • 7-40% in dogs
  • 8-10% in cats
  • *reinfection is common
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16
Q

What are some risk factors for Giardia?

A
  • Young animals (<1 year)
  • Suboptimal environment
  • Stressed/immunocompromised
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17
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus

A
  • Trophozoites=shed and infective stage (NO CYSTS!)
  • NOT environmentally resistant (only lasts 3hrs)
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18
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus: cats that are at risk

A
  • Cats less than 1 year old
  • Catteries
  • Purebreds (<30%)
19
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus: ‘sign’ in cats

A
  • CHRONIC, large-bowel diarrhea
20
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus: diagnosis

A
  • Culture and microscopy (InPouch TF)
  • PCR
  • More directional movement
21
Q

Tritrichomonas foetus: treatment

A
  • No labelled treatment
  • Often self resolves
  • Ronidazole, metronidazole
22
Q

Haemoflagellates

A
  • Arthropod-transmitted
  • Bigger issue in warmer parts of the world
  • *indirect life cycles
  • Ex. Trypanosoma spp., Leishmania spp.
  • *not in Canada unless imported with dogs (some in wildlife reservoirs)
23
Q

Trpanosoma spp. transmitted by

A
  • African: tsetse flies
  • Others: kissing bugs, keds
24
Q

Leishmainia spp. transmitted by

A
  • Sand flies
25
Q

Chagas disease: American Trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma cruzi)

A
  • In blood (Trypomastigotes) and heart (Amastigotes)
  • Dogs from C. and S. America
  • *hard to detect early on
26
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi: indirect life cycle

A
  • Asexual reproduction in cardiac and smooth muscles =blood feeds
  • Asexual reproduction in gut of arthropod: shed in feces onto the skin of host (Trypomastigotes)
  • Lick skin, eat or scratch and enters host
27
Q

Dogs and humans clinical signs with Trypanosoma cruzi

A
  • Dogs: Cardiomegaly
  • Humans: *megaesophagus
28
Q

Sporozoa/Apicomplexans: categories

A
  • Coccidia: *sexual and asexual reproduction
  • Haemosporidia
29
Q

Coccidia: direct life cycle

A
  • GIT
  • Ex. Cystoisospora, Cryptosporidium
30
Q

Coccidia: indirect life cycle

A
  • Tissue cysts
  • Ex. Toxoplasma
31
Q

Cystoisospora

A
  • Highly host specific
  • Even GIT location specific
  • *NOT zoonotic
  • Common in shelters and young animals
32
Q

Cystoisospora life cycle

A
  • Infected by ingestion of paratenic host or direct ingestion of eggs
  • Sporulated oocysts
  • Merogony (Asexual cycle)
    o ‘burst’ out of epithelial cells=bloody diarrhea
    o Various rounds before moving on (species specific)
  • Gametogony (sexual cycle)
    o Microgametocyte: burst out and go macrogametocyte=unsporulated oocyts which is shed in feces
  • Unsporulated oocyst undergoes sporogony (2-7 days) and then infective=sporulated oocyst
  • PPP=5-10days (can have high bloody diarhea before you detect an oocyst)
33
Q

Sporulated oocyst: diagnositic features

A
  • 4 sporozoites in 2 sporocysts in the EGG
  • *infective stage
  • *environmentally resistant (last months in moist conditions)
  • *see in OLDER FECES
34
Q

Unsporulated oocyst

A
  • Very small!
  • 40x
  • *what is often seen in feces
35
Q

Pathogenesis of coccidiosis

A
  • Young animals
  • Asymptomatic
  • Stress
  • *heavily contaminated environment
  • Destroy epithelial cells in PPP
  • *diarrhea, dehydration, poor growth
  • *watery sometimes bloody diarrhea (even in PPP)
36
Q

Diagnosis of coccidiosis

A
  • Clinical appearance
  • Fecal floatation: numbers of oocysts significant
37
Q

Control of coccidiosis

A
  • Supportive (hydration)
  • Environmental decontamination
  • Goal is to reduce shedding!
  • *treat high risk dogs and puppies at weeks 3, 5, 7
38
Q

Drugs used to control coccidiosis

A
  • Sulfonamides, furazolidone
  • Toltrazuril, ponazuril
39
Q

Cryptosporidium

A
  • People can give it to pets, but rarely vice versa
  • More common in young
  • Most significant in immunocompromised
40
Q

Cryptosporidium: intestinal life cycle

A
  • Fecal-oral route
  • *much quicker=can lead to an auto-infection
  • Asexual and sexual
  • *PPP=3-6 days
  • *IMMEDIATELY infective eggs
  • *very RESISTANT
41
Q

Pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium

A
  • Subclinical
  • Self-limiting with secretory diarrhea (fluid loss in severe cases)
  • More issues in immunocompromised
42
Q

Diagnosis of Cryptosporidium

A
  • Clinical appearance
  • Fecal flotation=not very good
  • Fluorescent Ab test/fecal antigen detection
43
Q

Control of Cryptosporidium

A
  • Supportive (hydration)
  • Environmental contamination
  • Few drugs are very effective
44
Q

Epidemiology of cryptosporidium in small animals

A
  • Hard to determine real prevalence
  • Self limiting: subclinical or secretory diarrhea
  • *most often human to animals zoonotic transmission

PARASITOLOGY - 1 (14 decks)

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