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PARASITOLOGY - 1 > 12 – Protozoa II > Flashcards

12 – Protozoa II Flashcards

1
Q

Toxoplasma gondii

A
  • Felids only DH
  • Wide range of vertebrates=facultative IH (cats, dog, people)
  • Seroprevalence: 15-30% in humans
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2
Q

Toxoplasma sporulated oocysts

A
  • Oocysts produced for only a few weeks ONCE in cats lifetime
  • Can be 100 million per cat
  • Survive in moist soil for 1 year, 5 years in water
  • *4 in 2
  • Differential diagnoses: Cystoisospora, Hammondia
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3
Q

Toxoplasma: Tachyzoites in Peritoneal Fluid

A
  • Another infective form
  • Divide fast in a naïve hosts
  • Can be anywhere in the body
  • *if host is eaten=infective
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4
Q

Toxoplasma: Tissue Cyst with Bradyzoites in Brain

A
  • Thin walled tissue cyst
  • Dived slower, but continue to divide
  • Will be found intracellularly for the rest of an animals life
  • Still same ‘shape’ as Tachyzoites but in a cyst form
  • *also in skeletal muscle
  • *stay in cysts unless immunocompromised and they are released for some reason
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5
Q

Toxoplasma felid gut reproduction

A
  • Oocyst ruptures and oocyst sporulates
  • Merogony
  • Gametony
  • *unsporulated oocysts into environment
  • *ONLY IN CATS
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6
Q

What is the route of feline infection? (3)(Toxoplasma)

A
  1. Fecal-oral route: 21days (PPP=21 days) (sporulate 1-3 days)
  2. Infect IH from being eaten (PPP=3-8 days)
  3. transplacental transmission to litter of queen INFECTED FOR FIRST TIME in pregnancy (or lactating)=most severe disease (for the kittens)
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7
Q

What are the symptoms in congenitally infected kittens? (Toxoplasma)

A
  • Ocular lesions
  • Neurological lesions (encephalitis)
  • Anorexia
  • Lethargy
  • Diarrhea
  • Pneumonia
  • icterus
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8
Q

Pathogenesis of Toxoplasmosis

A
  • Adult cats: self-limiting diarrhea, fever
  • Most severe in congenitally infected kittens
  • In <10% of cats, infection may recrudesce (reoccur) or may be reinfected
    o May shed low # oocysts sporadically
  • IH: asymptomatic (can transmit through carnivory and vertically)
  • Dogs: acutely infected in pregnancy may abort
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9
Q

Vertically transmission of Toxoplasmosis ONLY occurs when

A
  • Mother is infected for the FIRST time
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10
Q

Humans and the Toxoplasmosis life cycle

A
  1. Food borne: if eat eggs shed in stool
  2. Organ transplants and blood transfusions
  3. Transplacental or transmammary: if INFECTED for first time
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11
Q

Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis

A
  • Fecal floatation: oocysts only shed for 2 weeks
  • Serology, immunohistochemistry, PCR
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12
Q

Control of Toxoplasmosis

A
  • Clean litter boxes daily (before sporulation)
  • Keep cats indoors
  • Feed only commercial, cooked or frozen (-18degrees C for at least 3 days)
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13
Q

When do you treat Toxoplasmosis?

A
  • Only acute disease
  • To reduce risk of congenital transmission
  • To avoid reoccurrence
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14
Q

Risk assessment and mitigation of T. gondii for pregnant owners

A
  • Avoid cleaning litter box, gardening, consumption of raw uncooked meat, raw milk, unwashed produce and unfiltered water
  • <1% of cats shedding at a give time: young, outdoor
  • *for highly concerned owners: consider serology
  • *prevention for cat: only commercial diet or cooked foods
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15
Q

Serology for T. gondii and pregnant owners: best and worst case scenario

A
  • BEST: positive for cat and human (cat unlikely to shed and owner protected)
  • WORST: negative for cat and human (HIGHEST level of prevent from cat and owner)
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16
Q

Neospora coninum

A
  • DH: dogs and wild canids
  • IH: cattle, wild ungulates, other carnivores (cats)
    o NOT infected through carnivory
  • *NOT zoonotic
17
Q

Neospora sporulated oocyst from dog feces

A
  • Differntial:hamondia?
18
Q

Neospora tissue cyst in neuron or skeletal muscle

A
  • *has a THICK WALL cyst=can see the edge
19
Q

Neospora tachyzoites from cutaneous aspirate of dog

A
  • Some dermatitis forms (USUALLY OLDER DOGS)
  • Looks the same as Toxoplasma
20
Q

Life cycle of Neospora caninum

A
  • DH: dogs (same system in intestines and transplacental)
  • Release of sporulated oocyst (1-3days, 3 week patency)
    o Infect another dog? Not sure.
    o Ingested by cattle (or other ungulates)
  • Tachyzoites and bradyzoites: tissue cysts and transplacental
    o Can cause abortion in cattle if early pregnancy
  • Dogs can eat aborted fetus or placenta
  • **IH DO NOT TRANSMIT IT TO ONE ANOTHER
21
Q

Pathogenesis of Neospora

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Not all pups infected with tissue cysts
  • Not all infected show signs (reactivate and infect (like Toxocara canis)
  • *can infect subsequent litters
  • Most SEVERE in congenitally infected
22
Q

Pathogenesis of Neospora: congenitally infected

A
  • Neurological and skeletal muscle
  • *progressive hindlimb paralysis
  • *dysphagia
23
Q

Pathogenesis of Neospora: older dogs

A
  • Encephalitis
  • Myopathy
  • Ulcerative dermatitis
24
Q

Diagnosis of Neospora in dogs

A
  • Clinical appearance
  • Serology (serum, CSF): IFAT, ELISA
  • Histology/cytology and IHC; PCR
25
Q

Control of Neospora in dogs

A
  • Do NOT allow dogs to eat placenta, fetus or dead calves
  • Do NOT breed SEROPOSITIVE female dogs
  • Sulphonamides, clindamycin
26
Q

Sarcocystis spp.

A
  • *Global
  • Require carnivore IH
  • ‘named’ according to DH and IH host
  • *dogs and cats are often DH but can be IH (unknown lifecycles)
27
Q

Sarcocystis spp. parasite web

A
  • Gametogony and sporogony in DH (pets)
  • Sporulate in intestines and shed in feces (sporocyst with 4 sporozoites=smaller)
    o Immediately infective
  • Develop in IH: merogony
  • Sarcocysts with bradyzoites (in muscles) and eaten by dogs and cats
28
Q

Sarcocystis sporocyst from feces

A
  • COMMON in dogs in western Canada
  • Means dog has access to raw meat or wildlife
29
Q

Sarcocystis pathogenesis: pet perspective

A
  • None as DH, some as IH
    o Hepatitis
    o CNS
    o myositis
30
Q

Sarcocystis diagnosis: pet perspective

A
  • fecal floatation (DH)
  • serology, muscle biopsy (IH)
31
Q

Sarcocystis control: pet perspective

A
  • do NOT feed raw meat and organs
  • prevent access to wildlife (tissues and feces)
32
Q

Sarcocystis zoonotic potential: pet perspecitve

A
  • NONE in Canada
  • Humans serve as DH for cattle and pig Sarcocystis (not in Canada)
33
Q

Haematozoea

A
  • Arthropod transmitted
    o Ticks, mosquitos, black flies
  • Bad infections=high mortality rates
34
Q

Haematozoea: indirect life cycle (Babesia)

A
  • DH: Tick
    o Sexual reproduction in gut
    o Sporogony in salivary glands (sporozoites)
  • Blood feed on IH mammal (cattle, sheep, horses, dogs, cats)
    o Asexual reproduction in erythrocytes
    o *picked up when tick blood feeds
  • **NOT in Canada
35
Q

Amoebae

A
  • Direct life cycle: asexual reproduction
  • Trophozoite=infective stage
  • *free living amoeba
    o In water: people and dogs go swimming and it goes through the nose and past BBB
    o Hard to diagnosis=often fatal

PARASITOLOGY - 1 (14 decks)

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