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PARASITOLOGY - 1 > 4 – Ascarids > Flashcards

4 – Ascarids Flashcards

1
Q

Nematodes of dogs and cats

A
  • Family Ascarididae
  • Ascarids (roundworms)
  • Toxascaris leonia (dogs and cats)
  • Toxocara canis (dogs)
  • Toxocati (cats)
  • Baylisascaria spp. (dogs)
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2
Q

Toxascaris leonia (Northern roundworm)

A
  • Small (couple cm)
  • Long narrow alae on head
  • 3 lips
  • NO caudal projection on mall
  • Eggs in females
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3
Q

Toxascaris leonia eggs

A
  • Thick smooth shell
  • Single cell
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4
Q

Toxascaris leonia lifecycle: dogs

A
  • Eggs shed in poop of host
  • Single shell egg
  • L1-L3 inside egg (1-4 weeks)
  • Eggs with L3
  • Ingested by host (or paratenic host)
  • Mucosal migration (through gut lumen and develop on outside)
  • Come back into GI tract for nutrients=adults
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5
Q

Toxascaris leonia lifecycle:cats

A
  • Eggs shed in poop of host
  • Single shell egg
  • L1-L3 inside egg (1-4 weeks)
  • Eggs with L3
  • Ingested by paratenic host (or definitive host)
  • Mucosal migration (through gut lumen and develop on outside)
  • Come back into GI tract for nutrients=adults
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6
Q

Toxascaris leonia diagnosis

A
  • Fecal flotation, coproantigen, coproPCR
  • Large adult worms in stool or vomit
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7
Q

Toxascaris leonia clinical signs (juveniles)

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Pot belly
  • Poor growth
  • Staring coat (‘clumpy’)
  • Diarrhea
  • Respiratory signs
  • Seizures and death (very rare)
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8
Q

Toxascaris leonia: epidemiology and ecology

A
  • Common in dogs in western Canada (not found in cats)
  • Global distribution
  • Canid and felid definitive hosts (prevalence and intensity highest in young)
  • Wide range of vertebrate paratenic hosts
  • NOT zoonotic
  • Eggs survive months to years in environment (freeze tolerant)
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9
Q

Toxocara canis (canine roundworm): adults

A
  • Long skinny alae
  • 3 lips
  • Male tail: caudal projection
  • Eggs in female worms
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10
Q

Toxocara canis: eggs

A
  • Thick, rough shell
  • Larvae
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11
Q

Toxocara canis: life cycle young pups (under 3 months)

A
  1. Adults produce eggs and go into environment
  2. 2-8 weeks in environment (L1-L3, egg with L3)
  3. Hepatotrachael migration
    a. GIT, liver, R heart, lung, coughed up and then swallowed again to GIT
    *PPP: 4-5 weeks
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12
Q

Toxocara canis: life cycle (older than 6 months)

A
  1. Eggs with L3 go in via somatic migration
  2. Larvae in tissues: hypobiotic
  3. ‘reactivate’ in late pregnancy: cross placenta into fetal liver
  4. AND transmammary infection via larvae in milk (if infected late in pregnancy)
  5. (after birth: hepato-tracheal migration to develop patent infection, shed eggs 2-3 weeks old)
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13
Q

Age intensity curve

A
  • If young prenatally infected transplacentally=higher load of adult worms
  • If ingested eggs when young=higher load in intestine
    o Switch to somatic
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14
Q

Toxocara canis: life cycle (dog of any age)

A
  • If through paratenic host=mucosal route
  • Inside the mucosal lining to go from L3 to L5
    *every time they need to molt they need to feed=happens in lumen
    *go inside lining to molt!
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15
Q

Toxocara canis: diagnosis

A
  • Fecal floation, coproantigen, coproPCR
  • Large adult worms in vomit or stoll
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16
Q

Toxocara canis: clinical signs (puppies)

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Pot belly
  • Poor growth
  • Staring coat
  • Diarrhea
  • Respiratory signs (more likely than leonia)
  • Seizures and death (rare)
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17
Q

Toxocara canis: epidemiology and ecology

A
  • Most common parasites in dogs in Canada
  • Global distribution
  • Canid definitive hosts (prevalence and intensity HIGHEST in young)
  • Wide range of paratenic hosts
  • People are accidental paratenic hosts
  • Eggs survive months to years in environment
18
Q

Toxocara cati (feline round worm): adult

A
  • Short, wide alae
19
Q

Toxocara cati: eggs

A
  • Thick rough shell
  • Single cell
  • *need to do genetic testing
20
Q

Toxocara cati: life cycle (young cats, less than 6 months)

A
  • Adults shed eggs w/SINGLE cell
  • L1-L3, eggs with L3 ingested (2-4 weeks in environment)
  • Hepatotracheal migration
    *PPP: 8 weeks
21
Q

Toxocara cati: life cycle (pregnant cat)

A
  • Eggs with L3 are ingested (late pregnancy or early lactation)
  • Somatic migration and then larvae into tissues
  • Larvae shed in milk throughout entire lactation
    *patent as young as 6 weeks of age
22
Q

Toxocara cati: life cycle (any age cat)

A
  • Adults shed eggs with single cell
  • L1-L3, eggs with L3 (2-4 weeks in environment) into paratenic host
  • Once in cat, mucosal migration
    *PPP: 6 week
23
Q

Toxocara cati: diagnosis

A
  • Fecal floatation
  • Coproantigen
  • CoproPCR
  • Large adult worms in vomit or stool
24
Q

Toxocara cati: clinical signs (kittens)

A
  • Asymptomatic (less severe than T. canis)
  • Pot belly, poor growth and coats
  • Diarrhea
  • Respiratory signs
  • Seizures and death (rare)
25
Q

Toxocara cati: epidemiology/ecology

A
  • Most common parasites in CATS in Canada
  • Glob distribution
  • Felid definitive hosts (highest in young)
  • Wide range of paratenic hosts
  • People MAY be accidental paratenic hosts (less likely than w/dogs)
  • Eggs survive months to years in environment
26
Q

Toxocara canis and humans as accidental paratenic hosts

A
  • Visercal, ocular, neural
  • Occult: asymptomatic
  • Liver, lungs, eyes
  • Ex. kids in garden boxes, gardeners
27
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon roundworm)

A
  • Dogs serve as DH, PH and mechanical transport hosts
  • Larval migrans in PH (dogs and people)
  • Single celled eggs in fresh feces of DH (differentiated by fecal floatation, coproantigen, coproPCR)
28
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis (direct lifecyle)

A
  • Racoon sheds eggs (or dog)
  • 2 weeks in environment
  • Eggs with L3 larvae ingested by racoon (or dog)
29
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis (indirect lifecyle)

A
  • Racoon sheds eggs
  • Eggs with L3 larvae in environemtn
    o Can be up to 180 paratenic hosts
  • Ingested by racoon (or dog)
30
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis: epidemiology and ecology

A
  • Wherever racoons are (NA, Europe, asia)
  • Very rare in dogs (0.005% of fecal samples)
  • Highly variable infection rate in racoons
31
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis: paratenic host (dog)

A
  • Very bad
  • Dead end host (buried or cremated)
  • Dx: clinical signs, histology, serology
  • Tx: non specific
32
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis: definitive host (dog)

A
  • Not bad for this dog
  • Source of eggs in environment
  • Dx: single celled eggs in fresh feces
  • Tx: as for other GIN
33
Q

Baylisascaris procyonis: mechanical transport host (dog)

A
  • Not bad for this dog
  • Spread of eggs in environment
  • Dx: larvated eggs in fresh feces
  • Tx: none needed
34
Q

Control of GI nematodes (GIN) in YOUNG dogs and cats

A
  • Administer anthelmintic treatment: 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks of age
    o Followed by monthly treatments to the age of 6 months (later for kittens)
  • Can synchronize with vaccination
  • Conduct fecal exams 2-4 times during 1st year of life (1-2/year in adults)
35
Q

Control of GI nematodes (GIN) in PREGNANT or NURSING dogs and cats

A
  • Treat nursing females at 2 weeks post partum
  • Treat pregnant females off label
36
Q

Control of GI nematodes (GIN) in adult dogs and cats

A
  • Only HIGH risk pets
  • Pets in high risk households
  • Pets with positive fecal tests
    *test twice a year, treat 3-4 times a year
37
Q

High risk animals

A
  • Young (under 6 months)
  • Highly exposed (dog parks, outdoor access, hunters, raw diets)
  • Highly susceptible
  • Clinically ill animals
  • *test at least twice a year
  • *treat 3-4 times/year
38
Q

Animals in high risk households

A
  • YOPI (young, old, pregnant, immunocompromised)
39
Q

Animal management to prevent parasites

A
  • Regular disposal of feces
  • Feed cooked or canned food
  • Spay females
40
Q

Public health measures to prevent parasites

A
  • Hand washing
  • Cover sandboxes
  • Wash veggies
  • Cook meat thoroughly

PARASITOLOGY - 1 (14 decks)

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