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Clinical Microbiology 2 > 8. Lower Respiratory > Flashcards

8. Lower Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

B. pertussis toxin that causes inflammation and localized necrosis adjacent to colonized sites

A

Lethal toxin

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2
Q

4 additional media to set up when there’s a possibility of anaerobes

A

BRUC
CNA
KVLB
THIO

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3
Q

3 Bordetella pertussis toxins

A
  • Pertussis toxin (PTx)
  • Lethal toxin (dermonecrotic toxin)
  • Tracheal cytotoxin
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4
Q

Lab method of detecting Histoplasma and Blastomyces

A

DNA probes

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5
Q

2 media commonly used to isolate Burkholderia cepacia

A

BCSA (Burkholderia Cepacia selective agar)

OFPBL (oxidative fermentative polymixin bacitracin lactose agar)

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6
Q

Most studied toxin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

Endotoxin A

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7
Q

What is used for tuberculosis liquefaction

A

N-acetyl-L-cysteine (mucolytic agent)

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8
Q

What is used for tuberculosis decontamination?

A

2% NaOH (4% for stools + specimens w/ Pseudo)

Buffer to neutralize

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9
Q

Specimen is usually not collected for this infection b/c it’s NOT treated w/ antibiotics

A

Acute/chronic bronchitis

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10
Q

Typical age group that gets bronchiolitis

A

Young children (<2 yrs old)

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11
Q

Localized, irreversible dilation of parts of the bronchial tree - makes CF infections more hard to treat

A

Bronchiectasis

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12
Q

Fluids from an inflammatory process

A

Exudate

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13
Q

What is required to distinguish between bronchitis colonization from infection

A

Radiographic evidence of pneumonia

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14
Q

Early symptoms are similar to common cold, then breathing becomes more laboured and cough increases

A

Bronchiolitis

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15
Q

Purpose of a protected bronch brush

A

Avoid NOF

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16
Q

6 obligate intracellular parasites

A
  • M. tuberculosis
  • Legionella pneumophila
  • Chlamydophila
  • viruses
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci
  • Histoplasma
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17
Q

7 organisms that express polysaccharide capsules to prevent phagocytosis

A

“Some Nasty Killers Have Crazy Powers”

  • S. pneumo
  • N. meningitidis
  • K. pneumo
  • H. influenzae
  • Histoplasma capsulatum
  • Cryptococcus neoformans
  • mucoid strains of P. aeruginosa
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18
Q

C. diphtheriae toxin

A

DT (diphtheria toxin)

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19
Q

Inflammation of lower respiratory tract involving airways and lung parenchyma

A

Pneumonia

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20
Q

This media is NOT selective, so decontamination + concentration of specimen is done BEFORE inoculation

A

Lowenstein-Jensen

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21
Q

The causes of this infection are closely related to age of patient

A

Community-acquired pneumonia

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22
Q

Legionella often require these 2 ingredients to be cultured

A

L-cysteine

Iron salts

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23
Q

Difference between BCA and BCSA media?

A

BCSA is a pyruvate formula

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24
Q

Toxin that destroys WBCs?

Organism it’s found in?

A

Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)

S. aureus

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25
Q

3 organisms that often accompany anaerobes in aspiration pneumonia

A

S. aureus
Pseudomonads
Enterobacteriaceae

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26
Q

2 types of specimens that may require special anaerobe media for set up

A

BAL

pleural fluid

27
Q

Sterile saline is flushed into the lungs, then aspirated back out

A

Bronchioalveolar lavages (BALs)

28
Q

Routine culture set up for LRT specimen (media)

A

BAP/SS/CO2
CHOC/CO2
MAC

29
Q

Reason for S. maltophilia being often confused w/ an Enterobacteriacea

A

It is oxidase negative

30
Q

Also called dermonecrotic toxin

A

Lethal toxin (B. pertussis)

31
Q

Diphtheria toxin (DT) adheres preferentially to these 2 types of cells

A
  • CNS cells

- Heart muscle cells

32
Q

Adherence factor in staph

A

Lipoteichoic acid

33
Q

Helps B. pertussis colonize the cilia of the respiratory epithelium

A

Pertussis toxin (PT)

34
Q

Pneumonia can be subdivided into categories based on what 3 things?

A
  • Presentation of illness (acute, chronic)
  • Clinical setting (community, hospital)
  • Type of infecting process (aspiration, viral, bacterial)
35
Q

3 methods of detecting bronchiolitis infection

A

Rapid detection - staining or ELISA

Viral culture

36
Q

How to concentrate tuberculosis sputum?

A

Centrifuge, keep pellet

37
Q

Produces paintbrush-like heads

A

Penicillium

38
Q

Fluid drained from the pleural space

A

Thoracentesis fluid

39
Q

5 causative agents of acute/chronic bronchitis

A
  • Respiratory viruses
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Chlamydophila pneumoniae
  • H. influenzae
  • B. pertussis
40
Q

3 anaerobes that may cause aspiration pneumonia

A

Prevotella
Porphyromonas
Bacteroides

41
Q

4 ways respiratory pathogens can enter the lungs

A
  • Invasion
  • Inhalation
  • Aspiration (oral/gastric)
  • Hematogenous
42
Q

Organism associated with SPA or M7 media (enriched w/ cholesterol)

A

Mycoplasma

43
Q

3 unusual pathogens that may cause a BAL to be performed

A
  • fungi
  • AFB
  • Pneumocystis jiroveci
44
Q

Exceptions to not collecting bronchitis specimens are made for these 3 organisms

What specimen gets collected?

A
  • Influenza
  • RSV
  • B. pertussis

NP washes/swabs

45
Q

Prominent organism in cystic fibrosis infection (not later stages)

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa - mucoid strains

46
Q

Isolated from sputums of CF patients and is associated w/ a decline in lung function

A

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

47
Q

Specimen collected for bronchiolitis disagnosis

A

Nasopharyngeal (NP) washing or swab

48
Q

3 common causes of bronchiolitis

A

RSV
Parainfluenzae - ‘croup’
Influenza

49
Q

Antimicrobial found in all 3 B. cepacia media

A

Polymixin B

50
Q

Elderly patients are more likely to suffer from this type of community-acquired pneumonia

A

Aspiration pneumonia

51
Q

Acute viral or bacterial inflammation of the larger airways in healthy patients with no history of
recurrent disease

A

Acute bronchitis

52
Q

In S. aureus, this toxin acts along with a pore forming cytotoxin

A

Leucocydin

53
Q

In an immunocompetent patient, chronic pneumonia is most often due to?

A

Mycoplasma tuberculosis

54
Q

Lung transplants are ruled out for patients colonized with ______________

A

Burkholderia cepacia

55
Q

Fluid accumulation in the pleural space where the fluid has leaked from the blood and/or lymphatic systems.

A

Transudate fluid

56
Q

Group A strep adherence factpr

A

M protein

57
Q

GNB adherence factor

A

Fimbriae

58
Q

B. pertussis toxin that kills ciliated cells and causes their extrusion from mucosa

A

Tracheal cytotoxin

59
Q

This toxin is made up of 6 subunits

A

Pertussis toxin

PT

60
Q

Myalgia is a symptom of this infection (muscle aches and pains)

A

Bronchitis

61
Q

Responsible for S. pneumoniae virulence

A

Capsule production

62
Q

Specimen where a staph streak on the primary BAP is appropriate

A

Sputum

63
Q

3 methods of Legionella confirmation

A
  • Latex
  • DFA stain
  • ELISA

Clinical Microbiology 2 (14 decks)

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