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PSYCH 2AA3 > 8 - Language > Flashcards

8 - Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest unit of sound

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2
Q

What is phonemic awareness

A

Ability to identify/use phonemes

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3
Q

Why is phonemic awareness important?

A
  • Number one predictor of reading ability
  • Aids in ability to parse
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4
Q

Morpheme

A

Smallest unit that conveys meaning

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5
Q

Semantics

A

Definitions, influenced by societal norms

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6
Q

What is the order of object, subject, verb for English?

A

Subject, verb, object

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7
Q

What is the order of object, subject, verb for Japanese?

A

Subject, object, verb

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8
Q

In what type of culture is the subject often dropped?

A

Collectivist

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9
Q

Pragmatics

A

Communicative functions of language that lead to effective communication

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10
Q

When does cooing appear?

A

1-2 months

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11
Q

When does babbling appear

A

6 months

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12
Q

What is babbling

A

Mimicking of phonemes

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13
Q

Which comes first, word recognition or walking

A

word recognition

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14
Q

How can you tell if a baby has developed word recognition?

A

Will listen longer to sentences including words they’ve just been exposed to

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15
Q

What age is sensitive to statistical regularities in speech?

A

≈8 months

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16
Q

When do gestures emerge

A

8-12 months

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17
Q

Joint attention

A

Ability for adult and infant to pay attention to the same object/person

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18
Q

Is joint attention required for language development

A

No

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19
Q

When do one word utterances occur

A

6-15 (mean 13)

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20
Q

When do 2 words utterances occur

A

18-24 months

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21
Q

When does grammar start to appear

A

2-3 years

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22
Q

When do 3 word utterances occur

A

2-3 years

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23
Q

When can children use novel word combinations correctly

A

3-4 years

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24
Q

Vocabulary spurt

A

Stage where infants learn new words rapidly (10 words/week)

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25
Q

When does the vocabulary spurt happen?

A

18-20 months

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26
Q

Fast mapping

A

Connects new words to objects without considering all possible meanings

27
Q

One-to-one mapping

A

One word per object

28
Q

If a name refers to a whole object, how is a second (related) name understood?

A

As a subcategory

29
Q

Who learns verbs faster, English or East Asian babies?

A

East Asian

30
Q

Why do East Asian babies learn verbs faster

A

Often just the verb is used to ask a question

31
Q

Under-extension

A

Defining a word too narrowly

32
Q

Over-extension

A

Defining a word too broadly

33
Q

When do under/over extension errors usually fuck off

A

3-4 years

34
Q

What is morphology mastery and when does it occur

A

Understanding morphology enough that they can apply them to new instances, occurs around 5ish

35
Q

Matthew effect on reading

A

Good readers will enjoy reading -> continue doing it -> improvement (and vice versa)

36
Q

Phonological processing errors in a child can be an early sign of ____

A

Dyslexia

37
Q

Reading ability and dyslexia in girls vs boys

A
  • Higher reading scores = girls
  • higher dyslexia = boys
38
Q

General rule of ideal time to teach new language

A

Early as possible, before puberty

39
Q

Critical period for bilingualism

A

Before puberty

40
Q

Deaf children of hearing parents learning sign language

A

Better mastery of sign language if taught earlier

41
Q

Interference from first language

A

Can hinder learning more than missed critical period

42
Q

Sensitive period

A

More flexible - ideal rather than law. behaviour can still be modified outside of this window it

43
Q

Are sensitive periods the same for everyone?

A

No, can expand or contract depending on individual experience

44
Q

What are some cognitive benefits of bilingualism

A

Attentional control, concept formation, analytic reasoning, inhibition, cog flexibility

45
Q

True or false, a bilingual child will learn faster if the content is presented ONLY in their native language

A

False, fastest if presented with combination of 2 languages

46
Q

What is the behaviourist perspective for language development?

A

Skills acquired through conditioning (classical/operant), rewarded for speaking correctly therefore continue

47
Q

Limitations of behaviourist perspectives for language (3)

A
  • Cannot explain novel use of words
  • Cannot explain under/over extensions
  • Parents rarely correct grammar
48
Q

What is the nativist perspective of language acquisition?

A

Humans are born with “neural circuitry” that allows for acquisition of grammar/language development. Innate knowledge.

49
Q

Semantic bootstrapping theory

A

Brain is ready to categorize the world into nouns and verbs (you know words tend to be either things or actions)

50
Q

Universal grammar

A

Every language has subject, verb, and object

51
Q

Supports for universal grammar (5)

A
  • Specific brain regions for processing language
  • Only humans learn grammar readily
  • Children develop language with minimal formal input
  • Critical period for learning
  • Development of grammar is tied to development for vocabulary
52
Q

Brocca’s aphasia

A

Difficulty with speech production

53
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Words are flowing without meaning (gibberish)

54
Q

Is language unique to humans? (2)

A

Yes
- Animals can learn words in form of things and symbols (1-1 mapping)
- Animals can’t use syntax

55
Q

How do babies learn sign language from deaf parents

A

Follows same patterns as speech development, babbling, 1-word signs, 2/3 word sentences

56
Q

Does being blind impact a child’s ability to develop language?

A

No, but interpretation can be different

57
Q

How do neural structures differ in blind children learning language

A

When using braille, areas of visual cortex activate. Fine discriminations of letters and wholistic interpretation of letters -> words is done best by visual cortex

58
Q

Do children learn words or position of words first?

A

Neither, both at same time

59
Q

Do bilingual children confuse grammar structures of two languages

A

No

60
Q

What is the cognitive perspective for language acquisition?

A

Cog dev -> infants/children extract statistical regularities from perceptual environment (NOT universal grammar)

61
Q

Evidence for cog perspective

A

Vocab improves as memory improves

62
Q

Limitations of cog perspective

A

Cannot explain William’s syndrome (low intelligence, high expressive verbal ability)

63
Q

Social perspective for language acquisition

A

Children master language in context of social interactions (also applies to adults with motivation)

PSYCH 2AA3 (9 decks)

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