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PSYCH 2AA3 > 5 - Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

5 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Motor skills are

A

Solutions to goals

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2
Q

Posture is a dynamic process between…

A

-sensory info in skin/joints/muscles
-vestibular organs (balance)
-visual/hearing

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3
Q

At 2 months old, what is the expected posture?

A

Sit with support and hold head up

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4
Q

At 6-7 months old, what is the expected posture?

A

Sit independently

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5
Q

At 8-9 months old, what is the expected posture?

A

Pull up to standing

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6
Q

At 10-12 months old, what is the expected posture?

A

Stand alone

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7
Q

How does locomotor experience change the movement of infants?

A

Experienced in walking = more confident trying to walk in unusual terrain

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8
Q

How does a mother’s engagement and expectation alter motor milestones

A

More engagement -> more experience -> milestones hit sooner

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9
Q

Pros to children in sports

A

Physical fitness, self-esteem, perseverance, goal-oriented behaviour

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10
Q

Cons to children in sports

A

Pressure, burnout, injury, stress

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11
Q

Why do some children want to stop/change sports at a certain age?

A

Active genotype

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12
Q

True or false, if a parent believes they have strong control over screen time, their children are usually more physically active?

A

True

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13
Q

First step of fine motor skills (0-2)

A

Reaching and grasping

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14
Q

What is needed for development of fine motor skills

A

Perceptual motor coupling

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15
Q

Sensation

A

Activation of sensory receptors in response to external stimuli

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16
Q

Perception

A

Interpretation of sensation

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17
Q

How is a newborn’s perception and why

A

Minimal, brain not yet specialized

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18
Q

4 methods for testing infants

A
  • Preference paradigm
  • Habituation
  • Operant conditioning
  • Violation of expectation paradigm
19
Q

Preference paradigm

A

Newborns respond differentially to what they find interesting vs boring

20
Q

How do babies differentiate stimuli

A

Contrast, poor visual acuity

21
Q

Why are newborns drawn to face-like patterns

A

Faces are top heavy, therefore they will prefer looking at top heavy patterns

22
Q

Why do babies prefer “attractive faces”

A

Average faces are seen as more attractive

23
Q

Do babies only prefer attractive human faces?

A

No

24
Q

Habituation/dishabituation

A

Response decreased to repeated presentations of same stimulus (habituation)
If response shown to different stimulus, it means the baby can perceive the difference

25
Q

If looking at an icon, what factor may prevent differentiating two separate icons

A

Outside border

26
Q

At what age do babies prefer to look at faces of their own race?

A

3 months

27
Q

Does experience or race matter more when it comes to own-race preference

A

Experience

28
Q

True or false, preference = differentiation

A

False

29
Q

At what age can babies discriminate phonemes?

A

1-4 months

30
Q

Operant conditioning in babies

A

The extent that they act more for a reward concludes that they like the reward

31
Q

High amplitude sucking

A

Sucking rate changes stimuli, if they stay on that stimulus they like it

32
Q

Who’s voice do newborns prefer listening to?

A

Mother

33
Q

Why use conditioned head turning

A

Take advantage of infant’s tendency to orient changes in sight and hearing

34
Q

Experience fine tunes __________

A

Perception

35
Q

What kind of tones do babies prefer

A

Mid-frequency tones (human vocal range)

36
Q

Do babies prefer baby-talk or normal speech?

A

Baby talk

37
Q

At 4-6 months, what aspects of music do babies prefer?

A

Natural pauses, consonant tones

38
Q

At 9-12, what aspects of music do babies show preference for?

A

Musical scales and rhythms of own cultures

39
Q

Intersensory redundancy

A

Perceptual system attuned to amodal information (not belonging to single sensory mode)

40
Q

What is a possible explanation for synethesia?

A

Not enough sensory differentiation occured

41
Q

Visual and tactile sensations infancy

A

Infants look longer at pacifiers that match the sensation of the one in their mouth

42
Q

True or false, facial expressions are naturally multi-sensory

A

True

43
Q

Why are redundant signals in infants beneficial

A

Make up for immature perceptual system

44
Q

Which would be better and discriminating phonemes, 10-month old American baby or 6-month old Japanese baby?

A

American baby

PSYCH 2AA3 (6 decks)

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