5 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards
Motor skills are
Solutions to goals
Posture is a dynamic process between…
-sensory info in skin/joints/muscles
-vestibular organs (balance)
-visual/hearing
At 2 months old, what is the expected posture?
Sit with support and hold head up
At 6-7 months old, what is the expected posture?
Sit independently
At 8-9 months old, what is the expected posture?
Pull up to standing
At 10-12 months old, what is the expected posture?
Stand alone
How does locomotor experience change the movement of infants?
Experienced in walking = more confident trying to walk in unusual terrain
How does a mother’s engagement and expectation alter motor milestones
More engagement -> more experience -> milestones hit sooner
Pros to children in sports
Physical fitness, self-esteem, perseverance, goal-oriented behaviour
Cons to children in sports
Pressure, burnout, injury, stress
Why do some children want to stop/change sports at a certain age?
Active genotype
True or false, if a parent believes they have strong control over screen time, their children are usually more physically active?
True
First step of fine motor skills (0-2)
Reaching and grasping
What is needed for development of fine motor skills
Perceptual motor coupling
Sensation
Activation of sensory receptors in response to external stimuli
Perception
Interpretation of sensation
How is a newborn’s perception and why
Minimal, brain not yet specialized
4 methods for testing infants
- Preference paradigm
- Habituation
- Operant conditioning
- Violation of expectation paradigm
Preference paradigm
Newborns respond differentially to what they find interesting vs boring
How do babies differentiate stimuli
Contrast, poor visual acuity
Why are newborns drawn to face-like patterns
Faces are top heavy, therefore they will prefer looking at top heavy patterns
Why do babies prefer “attractive faces”
Average faces are seen as more attractive
Do babies only prefer attractive human faces?
No
Habituation/dishabituation
Response decreased to repeated presentations of same stimulus (habituation)
If response shown to different stimulus, it means the baby can perceive the difference
If looking at an icon, what factor may prevent differentiating two separate icons
Outside border
At what age do babies prefer to look at faces of their own race?
3 months
Does experience or race matter more when it comes to own-race preference
Experience
True or false, preference = differentiation
False
At what age can babies discriminate phonemes?
1-4 months
Operant conditioning in babies
The extent that they act more for a reward concludes that they like the reward
High amplitude sucking
Sucking rate changes stimuli, if they stay on that stimulus they like it
Who’s voice do newborns prefer listening to?
Mother
Why use conditioned head turning
Take advantage of infant’s tendency to orient changes in sight and hearing
Experience fine tunes __________
Perception
What kind of tones do babies prefer
Mid-frequency tones (human vocal range)
Do babies prefer baby-talk or normal speech?
Baby talk
At 4-6 months, what aspects of music do babies prefer?
Natural pauses, consonant tones
At 9-12, what aspects of music do babies show preference for?
Musical scales and rhythms of own cultures
Intersensory redundancy
Perceptual system attuned to amodal information (not belonging to single sensory mode)
What is a possible explanation for synethesia?
Not enough sensory differentiation occured
Visual and tactile sensations infancy
Infants look longer at pacifiers that match the sensation of the one in their mouth
True or false, facial expressions are naturally multi-sensory
True
Why are redundant signals in infants beneficial
Make up for immature perceptual system
Which would be better and discriminating phonemes, 10-month old American baby or 6-month old Japanese baby?
American baby
