3 - Physical Flashcards
How does Nicotine impact fetuses?
Constricts blood vessels -> decreases oxygen flow and nutrients to fetus
What does nicotine use during pregnancy increase the risk of?
- Miscarriage
- Premature birth
- Developmental impacts
What are the 5 categories of the APGAR scale
Appearance (body colour)
Pulse
Grimace (reflex irritability)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiration
What does 7-10 on the APGAR scale mean?
Baby is big chilling
What does 4-6 on the APGAR scale mean?
Moderately abnormal, potential developmental risk
What does 0-3 on the APGAR scale mean?
Baby may not survive, potential decreased blood flow/oxygen to the brain
Limitations of APGAR
- Only one point in time
- Sedation/anesthesia may impact baby’s reaction
- Tone/colour/reflex is subjective
- Partially depends on gestational age
Grasping reflex
Hand grasp when touched
Babinski reflex
Moving up and spreading out of toes in response to touch along foot
Stepping reflex
Legs move automatically when feet feel solid surface
Rooting reflex
Touch to corner of mouth -> turning of head towards source
Moro startle reflex
Feeling of falling -> arms outstretched, palms up, thumb flexed
Newborn imitation
Mimicking of facial expressions, likely to establish emotional bonds with caregivers
How often to newborns cry per day?
2-3 hours
“Basic” cry & what it signifies
Starts softly, gradually intensifies
Signifies hunger/fatigue/discomfort
“Mad” cry
Intense crying, needs not met quickly
“Pain” cry
Sudden long shriek followed by pause, gasp, then more crying
What age should you begin letting baby cry and learn to self-soothe?
3 months
How fast does damage occur in shaken baby syndrome?
5 seconds
What is shaken baby syndrome?
Head trauma sustained by rough shaking, brain hits skull -> bleeding/bruising/swelling -> lack of O2 -> brain damage
What is considered a preterm baby
under 37 weeks
What is a low birth weight in a newborn?
Under 2500g
What can cause LBW
- Teen mothers
- Medical issues
- Drug use
- Mental illnesses
- Poor access to prenatal care
Kangaroo care
Infant in only diaper is held skin-to-skin against mother’s breast under her clothing
Benefits of kangaroo care
Babies have regular HR and better sleep, mothers have better lactation
Impacts of massage therapy
Reduced stress behaviour in babies (crying, grimacing, startling)
Preterm/LBW have an impact on
Memory (decreased hippocampal volume)
What are some immediate symptoms of shaken baby syndrome?
Bruising, seizure, decreased consciousness, respiratory difficulty
What are some lasting symptoms of shaken baby syndrome?
Cognitive issues, visual impairment, intellectual deficits
Cephalocaudal pattern
Fastest growth occurs at top and then moves down
Differences in height/weight as children grow depend on ___ (3)
Genetics, environmental factors, nutrition
What causes individual differences in puberty onset/progression?
Nutrition, body fat, exercise
What causes timing of puberty?
Genetics and environmental factors
What 3 brain structures control puberty?
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, gonands
Do hormones = behaviour?
NO, predisposition and societal factors >
Why do girls have more body issues during puberty?
Causes more fat storage
What are the evocative genetic effects caused by early onset of puberty (girls)
Smoking, drinking, depression, EDs, delinquent behaviour
Neuronal activation patterns/synapse plasticity is strongest in
early development
How does the brain accommodate to a lesion/loss in one part of the brain at a young age?
Rewires brain
What happens if there is a lesion/loss in the stronger side of the brain (for the task)
Weaker side also experiences loss/reduction
True or false, all areas of the brain develop synaptic density at the same rate
False
Why is the thickening of corpus callousum during adolescence beneficial?
Better communication between hemispheres
Why do adolescents act based on emotion?
Amygdala matures before prefrontal cortex
Do high IQ or low IQ brains go through the most change from childhood to adolescence
High IQ
Why does cortical thickness change during prenatal development?
Formation of neurons/dendrites/synapses
Why does cortical thickness change during childhood/adolescence?
Proliferation of myelination (thickening)
Why does cortical thickness change during adolescence?
Usage-dependent pruning of synapses (thinning)
When is the most REM sleep needed?
Infancy
What stage of development of you need most sleep?
Earlier in development 0-2 yrs
Why does the brain use REM sleep
Brain is re-activating same neural patterns used in daily experiences to organize/store info in memory
REM sleep impact on learning
Important when learning something new
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Infant stops breathing suddenly at night while sleeping
Does co-sleeping have a correlation to SIDS?
Yes
How many hours of sleep do adolescents need?
8-10 hours/night
Why is it significant that the prefrontal cortex is susceptible to sleep loss?
Still developing in teens
Why do older teens sleep & wake up later?
Change in melatonin production
