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PSYCH 2AA3 > 2 - Biological > Flashcards

2 - Biological Flashcards

Lessons 3-5

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1
Q

How many chromosomes in a cell?

A

46

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2
Q

How many genes per 46 chromosomes?

A

25,000

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3
Q

How many molecules of DNA per chromosome

A

1 (if you get this wrong u fuckin bozo istg)

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4
Q

Genotype

A

Sum of all genes a person inherits

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5
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of a gene

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6
Q

Phenotype

A

Visual expression of genes

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7
Q

Do genes lend themselves to the concept of race?

A

NOPE, spectrum not categorical

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8
Q

Roughly what percentage of DNA do 2 people differ by

A

0.1% of DNA

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9
Q

True or false, specific base pairs in DNA can cluster according to geographic origin?

A

True

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10
Q

Sickle-cell disease

A

cells cannot pass through small capillaries & block WBC

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11
Q

Sickle-cell geniology

A
  • Recessive allele
  • Heterozygous phenotype
  • Protective trait against malaria, increased presence in places at high risk of malaria
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12
Q

Down-syndrome

A

Mental/motor delays, extra 21st chromosome

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13
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

Process of change in gene frequency over many generations

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14
Q

Natural selection

A

Environmental conditions allow certain members of a species to survive and pass genes to future generations

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15
Q

What do genes selected by evolutionary pressures depend on?

A

Environment our ancestors lived in

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16
Q

How does environment control genes?

A

Controls gene expression

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17
Q

Most psychological traits are manifested through…

A

Genes and environmental interactions

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18
Q

What kind of distribution does polygenic inheritance lead to?

A

Normal

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19
Q

Evolutionary theory of development

A

Selected traits may be maximally adaptive at that stage of development (i.e. clinginess in toddlerhood)

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20
Q

Heritability

A

Extent to which differences in a value can be e attributed to inheritance

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21
Q

Proportion of variance among population in trait results from ________

A

Genetic variability

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22
Q

How does greater variability in environment impact heritability?

A

Less heritability

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23
Q

Population level variance is explained by

A

evolutionary theories

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24
Q

Evolutionary theories CANNOT explain

A

Individual outcomes

25
Q

Developmental systems theory

A

Development occurs within a system of interacting levels (environment, behaviour, neural activity, genetic activity)

26
Q

Epigenesis

A

Functional change in the genome not involving alteration in DNA sequence

27
Q

Structure and function of DNA

A

Structure: DNA sequence (blueprint)
Function: Gene expression (design)

28
Q

How does experience lead to change in behaviour

A

Experience modifies chemistry of gene activity

29
Q

Epigenetics - Skink Lizard

A

Mother exposed to snake (predator) = offspring has qualities that make them more difficult to become prey (i.e. Larger, longer tails etc.)

30
Q

Outcome of the “good mothering” rat experiment (high grooming mothers)

A

Offspring have lower stress, will become HG mothers even if “adopted” by HG mother and not biologically related

31
Q

Why do offspring of HG mothers have lower stress responses? (2)

A
  • Demethylization -> allows for receptor formation -> better stress regulation (occurs by 6 days old)
  • Handling (in general) increases cortisol receptors in hippocampus
32
Q

3 effects of environment theory

A
  • passive
  • evocative
  • active
33
Q

Passive effects

A

Genetically related parents providing rearing environments (parents pick environment based on what suited them)

34
Q

Evocative effects

A

Child elicits responses from others, child’s genotype is impacting their environment.
(Happy baby will grow to think everyone is happy because the baby wasn’t annoying)

35
Q

Active effects

A

Child’s genotype influences the environments they select

36
Q

Impact of your environment depends on your _____

A

genotype

37
Q

Conduct disorder risk factors (4)

A
  • Maltreatment
  • Antisocial family members
  • Deviant peers
  • Inconsistent discipline/family stress/parental insensitivity
38
Q

Conduct disorder treatment

A

CBT, family-oriented therapy best

39
Q

Why don’t all mistreated children develop conduct disorder?

A

MAMO gene mediates effect of maltreatment on later antisocial behaviour (greatly decreases development of conduct disorder)

40
Q

When does the neural tube form

A

18-24 days after conception

41
Q

What can result from the neural tube not closing?

A

Birth defects (i.e. spina bifida)

42
Q

When does neurogenesis occur

A

5-28 weeks after conception

43
Q

Where does neurogenesis occur

A

One region in neural tube

44
Q

What rate does neurogenesis occur at?

A

4000/s

45
Q

When does migration occur?

A

By 7 months

46
Q

What is migration?

A

Neurons move to permanent locations in brain via glial cells

47
Q

What is faulty migration associated with?

A

Neural disorders (i.e. epilepsy)

48
Q

What is differentiation? (2)

A
  • Neurons become larger and produce dendrites/longer axons
  • Neurons specialize
49
Q

When do synapses form (synaptogenesis)

A

During differentiation

50
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Removal of neurons/synapses that aren’t being used

51
Q

Why are synapses pruned?

A

Improves efficiency in remaining neural connections

52
Q

When do neural connections peak?

A

≈7 years old

53
Q

What does the level of harm caused by teratogens depend on? (3)

A

Dose, genetic predisposition to susceptibility, time of exposure

54
Q

How much alcohol during pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

> 4oz/week

55
Q

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

Physical brain damage caused prenatally that leads to cognitive and growth defects

56
Q

What does nicotine use during pregnancy do to the baby?

A
  • Low birth weight
  • Fetal/neonatal death
  • Respiratory issues
  • Shorter telomere length
57
Q

Can a fetus hear what’s going on outside?

A

Sounds like Charlie Brown’s teacher, can likely only hear mother’s vocal patterns

58
Q

Who’s voice to babies prefer?

A

Their mother’s voice

59
Q

Can a fetus taste?

A

Seem to make facial expressions indicating they can taste bitter and sweer

PSYCH 2AA3 (9 decks)

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