8: Intelligence 1 Flashcards
Who is Sir Francis Galton? What did he believe in?
He was the first person to start studying intelligence. He believed that intelligence was heritable and fixed.
Who is Alfred Binet? What did he believe in?
Alfred Binet developed a test for school children to determine which ones might need help. He believed that intelligence could be changed.
He believed that intelligence could be developed and that poor marks weren’t a sign of stupidity, but deficiency.
Who is Lewis Terman? What did he do? What did he believe in?
Lewis Terman took the tests that Binet developed and adapted them for America.
He standardized how the test was administered and gave the test to thousands of children of different ages.
He believed that intelligence was fixed.
What did Lewis Terman “specifically” do to the tests?
He standardized them and performed norming on them.
What does it mean to standardize and norm?
Standardized: To make the questions, methods of marking, way it’s administered, etc. standard. This way, it wouldn’t be the test that differs, but your performance/intelligence.
Norming: Indication of what a group does know. Used as a reference.
What does standardization and norming do on a test?
It increases the reliability of said test.
Who came across the bell curve? How?
Lewis Terman came across the bell curve when he was plotting the performance on his test.
What did Lewis Terman’s test determine?
Lewis Terman’s tests essentially determined your mental age.
Who is David Wechsler? What did he do? What did he believe in?
David Wechsler created the “Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale”, which nowadays is most commonly used to test intelligence.
He believed that intelligence was multifaceted and the overall score on the collection of tests was your IQ
He also believed that intelligence was changeable.
name the different parts of Wechsler’s Intelligence Scale. Also, how does it differ from Terman’s test?
Wechsler’s Intelligence Scale comprises of:
- Verbal comprehension
- visual spatial (Ability to mental model)
- Fluid Reasoning (problem solve)
- working memory (RAM)
- Processing speed (CPU)
Wechsler’s Intelligence Scale gives you multiple scores, and average is IQ. Terman’s test gave u 1 number.
What does IQ stand for? What does it mean? What do the numbers mean?
Intelligence Quotient. Indicates how smart you are relative to others. 100 is average, +/-15 is average, +/- 30 is most people. past 30 is either retarded or intellectually gifted.
Bell Curve: What is the mean? Standard deviation?
Mean: The average score (where the graph peaks usually)
Standard deviation: The average dispersion of data around the mean
What does a score of less than 70IQ mean? How about above 130IQ?
less than 70: Intellectual disability. Struggles to meet “Community standards” of independence/social.
Over 130: Well built, well adjusted lower mortality rate.
What is the Flynn Effect?
The Flynn Effect states explains why the average IQ-Test score increases over time.
Essentially, people get better at taking tests, people get better at learning/teaching, internet, better nutrition, accessible education, etc.
We most likely haven’t gotten smarter as a species.
What did the Flynn Effect discover about IQ tests?
We need to re-norm IQ scores every couple of years to maintain an average IQ score of 100.
What is Raymond Cattell’s theory?
States that fluid intelligence goes down as we age past 20, while crystalized intelligence goes up.
What is fluid and crystalized intelligence?
Fluid intelligence: Mental gymnastics, working memory, ability to hold multiple thoughts and process a lot of different information
Crystalized memory: Stable/ increasing intelligence, accumulated knowledge
Name Robert Sternerg’s Catagories of Intelligence.
Analytical Intelligence: Academic problem solving // analysis
Creative Intelligence: Finding novel solutions to common problems
Practical Intelligence: Street smarts // People with this tend to be good at stuff like inteviews
How many categories did How Gardner have for Intelligence? name them.
9 categories:
- people smart
- self smart
- word smart
- logic smart
- nature smart
- picture smart
- body smart
- music smart
- existential intelligence
What is emotional intelligence?
Knowing what emotions an event will trigger. How to use their emotions to improve decisions.
Identify other’s emotions.
What about intelligence and culture?
it is social constructed. What’s considered intelligent in one culture could be vastly different in another culture/place.
Ex/ knowing how to survive in African tribes is considered intelligent while they have 0 regard for “Calculus”. Vice versa.
What is intelligence? Give a definition.
It’s hard to argue that there’s a correct definition. But some choices are clearly more concise, precise, and general than others.
One definition could be:
- Ability to learn from experiences, solve problems, adapt to new situations.
Another could be:
- Intelligence measures an agent’s ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments.
