8)General anatomy and histology of nervous system

Question 1

What are the 2 main parts of nervous system?

Answer 1

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 2

What does CNS contain?

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Function of Central Nervous System (CNS)

Answer 3

Receiving, Processing, and responding to sensory information

Question 4

Both CNS and PNS are surrounded and protected by which three layers of fibrous tissue?

Answer 4

Dura mater (Toughest layer) outside
Arachnoid mater (Intermediate)
Pia Mater (Inner)

Question 5

(MCQ) The space between the arachnoid & pia mater is
1)____ and it contains 2)_____________

Answer 5

Subarachnoid space

cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF)
-float the brain, bc brain are heavy

Question 6

What is Neuroglia?

Answer 6

Specialized tissue which supports the neurons, and the interior of the CNS is organized into gray & white matter

Question 7

Gray matter is composed (组成) of

Answer 7

bodies of neurons

Question 8

White matter is composed (组成) of

Answer 8

Nerve fibers

Question 9

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is composed of?

Answer 9

1) Cranial nerve

2) Spinal nerve

3) Associated ganglions

4) Bundle of nerve fibers

Question 10

Ganglion definition (MCQ)

Answer 10

A collection of nerve cells outside the CNS (dorsal root ganglion)

Question 11

***Discuss the cranial nerve and spinal nerves in Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Answer 11

12 pairs (24) of cranial nerves and their ganglia
- exit via foramens in skull
-cranial nerves innervate muscle, joints and skin of the head

31 pairs (62) of spinal nerves and their ganglia
-exit the vertebral column through intervertebral foramina
- Innervate muscle, joints and skin of the trunk and limbs

Question 12

***Discuss about the primary focus of somatic component in term of innervation(supply) and how does it differ from the role of the autonomic component?

Answer 12

Somatic component is involved in the nerve supply of voluntary structure like striated muscle, tendons, joints and skin

Autonomic component is responsible for nerve supply of involuntary structure, including heart smooth muscle and glands

Question 13

What are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Answer 13

8 pairs of Cervical nerves
12 pairs of Thoracic nerves
5 pairs of Lumbar nerves
5 pairs of Sacral nerves
1 pairs of coccygeal nerves

Question 14

Must memorize in order 1-12

Answer 14

I. Olfactory: concerned with sense of smell (olfaction).
II. Optic: concerned with sense of sight (vision).
III. Oculomotor: supplies most of the extraocular muscles.
IV. Trochlear: supplies one extraocular muscle.
V. Trigeminal: provides sensory innervation to head and face. (Dentistry)
VI. Abducent: supplies an extraocular muscle.
VII. Facial: supplies muscle of facial expression, and salivary glands. (Dentistry)
VIII.Vestibulocochlear: concerned with the sense of hearing and balance.
IX. Glossopharyngeal: tongue and pharynx, and motor supply to a pharyngeal muscle.
X. Vagus: provides motor supply to gut, heart and respiratory tract, and abdominal
viscera.
XI. Accessory: provides motor innervation to muscles of palate, pharynx, larynx and neck.
XII. Hypoglossal: provides motor supply to muscles of tongue.

Question 15

What is autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 15

A division of the peripheral nervous system

Question 16

What autonomic nervous system regulates?

Answer 16

Heart rate
Digestion
respiratory rate
pupillary response
urination
sexual arousal

Question 17

_______ regulate autonomic nervous system in brain

Answer 17

Hypothalamus

Question 18

What hypothalamus regulate?

Answer 18

control of respiration
cardiac regulation
vasomotor (constriction& dilatation of blood)
reflex actions
coughing
sneezing
swallowing
vomiting

Question 19

What are the 2 part of autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 19

1) Sympathetic system

2) Parasympathetic system

Question 20

Function of sympathetic system

Answer 20

stimulates activities that are performed during emergency and stress situations (fight, fright, flight)

Question 21

Function of parasympathetic system

Answer 21

stimulates activities that conserve and restore body resources

Question 22

(MCQ) Parasympathetic under which outflow

Answer 22

Cranio- sacral outflow

Question 23

Differences between sympathetic & parasympathetic systems (10marks***)

Answer 23

Sympathetic
1. Thoraco-lumbar outflow. (T1 to L2)

2. Preganglionic neurone → lateral horn
3. Preganglionic fiber →short
4. Ganglion → near vertebral column
5. Postganglionic fiber → long
6. Neurotransmitter at pre-ganglionic ending →Acetylcholine (Ach)
7. Neurotransmitter at post-ganglionic ending → norepinephrine
8. Action → Prepares body for emergency
9. Widespread due to many postganglionic fibers

Parasympathetic
1. Cranio-sacral outflow (CN: 3,7,9 &10 and S 2,3,4)

2. Preganglionic neurone → brainstem & sacral segment of S/cord
3. Preganglionic fiber → long
4. Ganglion → near target organ
5. Postganglionic fiber → short
6. Acetylcholine
7. Acetylcholine at all endings
8. Conserves & restores energy
9. Discrete action with few postganglionic fibers

Question 24

MCQ: Only postganglionic fiber of sympatactic is ______

Answer 24

Acetylcholine

Question 25

One of each side of the vertebral column formed of ganglions linked to each other and unite ______ at lower end on the coccyx (MCQ**)

Answer 25

Ganglion impar

Question 26

Location of pyramidal cell (MCQ***)

Answer 26

Cerebral cortex

Question 27

Location of purkinje cell (MCQ***)

Answer 27

Cerebellum

Question 28

Classification of neurons by the number of processes

Answer 28

Uni/ Pseudounipolar neuron —> posterior root ganglion

Bipolar neuron—> special sense organ (eye, ear &nose)

Multipolar—> most common type

Question 29

What is myelin sheath

Answer 29

Laminated lipid sheath that covered the axon

Question 30

MCQ*** In PNS myelination is by _______

Answer 30

Schwann cell

Question 31

MCQ*** In CNS myelination is by _______

Answer 31

Oligodendroglia

Question 32

The individual nerve fibers are separated by_____
These nerve fibers are gathered into fascicles enclosed by_____. Fascicles are again bundled together as a nerve and its covered by_____

Answer 32

endoneurium (inside)

Perineurium (intermediate)

Epineurium (outside)

Question 33

What are the 4 types of neuroglia cells

Answer 33

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Ependymal cells

Microglia

Question 34

Astrocytes (MCQ)

Answer 34

• Largest and most numerous

Function: Support and nourishment

Question 35

Oligodendrocytes function (MCQ)

Answer 35

-Smaller than astrocytes

Function: Myelination

Question 36

Ependymal cell secretes what? MCQ**

Answer 36

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 37

Function and location of Ependymal cell

Answer 37

Function-Secretion of cerebrospinal fluid

Location: cavities of brain and the central canal of spinal cord

Question 38

Microglia function

Answer 38

-Smallest glial cell
Function- Phagocytosis

Question 39

Type of nerve endings

Answer 39

1. Free nerve endings – pain
2. Meissner’s corpuscle – touch
3. Merkel’s disc – touch
4. Pacinian corpuscle – pressure
5. Krause end bulb – cold
6. Ruffini’s end bulb – hot/warm
7. Golgi tendon organ – proprioception (tendon & joints)
8. Muscle spindles – proprioception (stretching of muscle)

Question 40

3 type of regeneration of a damaged nerve

Answer 40

Neurapraxia

Axonotmesis

Neurotmesis

Question 41

How blood brain barrier form

Answer 41

The astrocytes are star-shaped with manydendrite-like processes whose ends possess small swellings called foot processes.

The foot processes form sleeve around the capillaries.

The sleeve along with endothelial wall of the capillary forms the blood-brain barrier.

Question 42

2 type of astrocytes

Answer 42

protoplasmic found in gray matter

fibrous found in white matter.