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1 Path Unit > 8 Disturbances II (Starts at Malignant neoplasms) > Flashcards

8 Disturbances II (Starts at Malignant neoplasms) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 gross characteristics of a malignant neoplasm?

A
  • poorly circumscribed
  • infiltrative
  • destructive invasion
  • heterogenous
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2
Q

What are the 4 microscopic characteristics of malignant neoplasms?

A
  • cellular variability
  • necrosis
  • destructive invasion
  • desmoplasia
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3
Q

What is the growth of fibrous or connective tissues marked by proliferation of fibroblasts?

A

desmoplasia

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4
Q

What is puckering?

A

The infiltrative (destructive) growth pattern of a malignant neoplasm

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5
Q

Ulceration is an example of what characteristic of malignant neoplasia?

A

Destructive growth/invasion

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6
Q

Why would destruction of bowel wall by carcinoma be rock hard?

A

desmoplasia

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7
Q

T-F–malignant neoplasms have variable differentiation but steady growth rate?

A

False—variable differentiation and variable growth rate

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8
Q

T-F– Malignant neoplasms are not capable of metastasis?

A

False, they are capable of

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9
Q

What is defined as the resemblance to cell of origin?

A

Differentiation

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10
Q

What is defined as the lack of differentiation?

A

Anaplasia

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11
Q

What is defined as having a dark nucleus?

A

hyperchromasia

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12
Q

What is defined as having variable size and shape?

A

pleomorphism

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13
Q

T-F–malignant tumors have excess numbers of atypical mitotic figures?

A

True

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14
Q

T-F—malignant tumors have a high cytoplasmic:nuclear ratio?

A

False–high nuclear:cytoplasmic

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15
Q

What is the stromal reaction to invasive epithelial malignancies?

A

desmoplasia

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16
Q

What is a key microscopic finding in a well differentiated squamous carcinoma?

A

well formed keratin pearl

[however, the basal layer is not oriented correctly and cells are not maturing completely]

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17
Q

A malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin is called a?

A

carcinoma

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18
Q

A malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin is called a?

A

sarcoma

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19
Q

What are the 2 malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic origin?

A

Blood- Leukemia

Lymph Node- Lymphoma

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20
Q

Does tumor mean malignancy?

A

No- tumor means swelling but is now often implied to mean neoplasm

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21
Q

Is a mass always neoplasm?

A

No- its a space occupying lesion but can be neoplastic in nature

22
Q

T-F–cancer encompasses all types of malignant neoplasms?

A

True

23
Q

Does the term cancer separate primary from metastasis?

A

Not necessarily

24
Q

Does cancer convey the heterogeneity of type and behavior of cancers?

A

No

25
Q

What pathway of metastasis is found in the lung and the ovary?

A

growth within or seeding of body cavities

26
Q

What pathway of metastasis is exemplified by breast and colon cancers?

A

lymphatic spread

27
Q

What pathway of metastasis is exemplified by kidney and colon cancer?

A

hematogenous spread

28
Q

What pathway of metastasis is exemplified by perineural invasion?

A

prostate

29
Q

What occurs when proximal lymphatics are obstructed by neoplasm?

A

lymphedema

30
Q

What is a proliferation of epithelial cells with cellular morphology of malignancy, but still confined within the epithelium?

A

carcinoma in situ

31
Q

T-F—carcinoma in situ is a pre-invasive process with a high risk of metastasis?

A

False- no risk

32
Q

What is the difference in cytology of normal squamous cells and carcinoma in situ cells?

A

CIS cells have very high nuclear:cytoplasm ratio

33
Q

The clinical behavior of malignancy is multi-factorial–what 3 things are noted as being the multifactorial part?

A
  1. location of primary
  2. histology and grade of primary
  3. stage of primary
34
Q

In general, what is the most important predictor of behavior?

A

Stage

35
Q

The prognosis of malignancy is estimated by 6 factors mentioned in lecture, what are they? [May just review this]

A
  1. Stage
  2. Grade
  3. Metastasis to nodes or distant site
  4. Histologic type
  5. Organ of origin
  6. Response to therapy
36
Q

What 3 main things determine stage of cancer?

A
  1. Size of primary tumor (T)
  2. Involvement of lymph nodes (N)
  3. Hematogenous metastases (M)
37
Q

Review the following life threatening complications of malignancy?

A 
cachexia
infection
local mass effect
coagulopathy
neuromayopathic syndromes
paraneoplastic syndromes
therapeutic toxicity
38
Q

What is cachexia?

A

wasting

39
Q

What are the major etiology of neoplasm 5?

A 
genetic
physical agents
chemical agents
microbiological agents
iatrogenic
40
Q

What are the 2 physical agents of malignancy mentioned?

A

ionizing radiation

ultraviolet radiation

41
Q

What type of malignancy is caused by asbestos?

A

mesothelioma

42
Q

What type of malignancy is caused by arsenic?

A

skin cancer

43
Q

what type of malignancy is caused by aniline dye?

A

urinary bladder cancer

44
Q

What type of malignancies are caused by tobacco products?

A

oral, laryngeal and lung cancers

45
Q

What type of malignancy is caused by unopposed estrogen?

A

endometrial

46
Q

The epstein barr virus causes what 2 malignancies?

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

47
Q

What malignancy is caused by helicobacter pylori?

A

gastric lymphoma

48
Q

what malignancy is caused by human papilloma virus?

A

cervix carcinoma, oropharyngeal carcinoma

49
Q

What type of malignancy is caused by hepatitis virus B or C?

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

50
Q

What are the 3 iatrogenic ways of leading to malignancy?

A

immunosuppression
chemotherapy
thymic radiation

51
Q

Can some malignancies be due to more than one etiology?

A

YES

1 Path Unit (16 decks)

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