4 Inflammation and repair--Part I

Question 1

What is inflammation?

Answer 1

A localized response to infection and injury intended to eliminate the initial cause of injury and initiate the process of repair

Question 2

What are the four external manifestations of inflammation?

Answer 2

heat (calor), redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), and pain (dolor)

Question 3

What are the 5 Rs of the inflammatory response?

Answer 3

1) Recognition of the injurious agent
2) Recruitment of leukocytes
3) Removal of the agent
4) Regulation of the response
5) Resolution/repair

Question 4

What are the three major classes of leukocytes in the inflammatory response?

Answer 4

monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes

Question 5

What is the role of T and B lymphocytes in inflammatory responses?

Answer 5

Mediate antigen-specific immune and inflammatory responses

Question 6

What is the role of neutrophils and monocytes in inflammatory responses?

Answer 6

phagocytic cells responsible for removal of dead cells and debris

Question 7

Infiltration of tissues with what cell type is the hallmark of acute inflammation?

Answer 7

neutrophils

Question 8

Infiltration of tissues with what cell types is the hallmark of chronic inflammation?

Answer 8

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 9

T or F: acute inflammation is mediated by the adaptive immune system.

Answer 9

F: it is mediated by the innate immune system

Question 10

What are the functions of acute inflammation?

Answer 10

phagocytose bacteria, remove necrotic tissue, and initiate process of tissue repair

Question 11

Briefly summarize the sequence of events that constitute acute inflammation.

Answer 11

1) increased blood flow
2) increased vascular permeability
3) extravasation and deposition of fluid and plasma proteins
4) emigration of neutrophils from the microcirculation to the site of injury

Question 12

What chemical mediator of inflammation increases vascular permeability by inducing retraction of endothelial cells?

Answer 12

Histamine

Question 13

what are the two types of extravascular fluid loss?

Answer 13

transudate and exudate

Question 14

What changes in Starling forces contribute to an increase in transudate?

Answer 14

increased hydrostatic pressure without increase in vascular permeability, and decreased vascular colloid pressure due to low protein count

Question 15

What conditions contribute to an increase in exudate?

Answer 15

Increased vascular permeability due to inflammation

Question 16

What does exudate contain?

Answer 16

high protein content, inflammatory cells, and cellular debris

Question 17

T or F: both transudate and exudate have a high protein content.

Answer 17

F; transudate has a very low protein content, while exudate has a much higher protein content

Question 18

Edema due to increased pressure, such as edema in the extremities caused by congestive heart failure, is an example of what type of extravascular fluid?

Answer 18

transudate

Question 19

In which areas of the human body is localized edema particularly dangerous?

Answer 19

larynx (asphyxiation), brain/meninges (herniation), and lungs (poor gas exchange)

Question 20

what are the different types of exudates?

Answer 20

serous (fluid), fibrinous (fibrin and other plasma proteins), sanguineous (bloody), and purulent (contains neutrophils)

Question 21

A skin blister with an accumulation of clear fluid contains what type of exudate?

Answer 21

Serous exudate

Question 22

Pericarditis, which results in protein deposition on the epicardial surface, is an example of what type of exudate?

Answer 22

Fibrinous exudate

Question 23

A bacterial abcess contains which type of exudate?

Answer 23

purulent exudate

Question 24

what are the cellular components of pus?

Answer 24

necrotic tissue and live and dead neutrophils

Question 25

What causes tissue damage during acute inflammation?

Answer 25

release of proteolytic enzymes and ROIs during frustrated phagocytosis

Question 26

What are the two different types of adhesion necessary for extravasation of leukocytes into tissues, and which proteins are responsible for mediating both types of adhesion?

Answer 26

loose rolling interaction mediated by selectins and firm adhesion mediated by integrins

Question 27

what is the role of cytokines in leukocyte migration into tissues?

Answer 27

local secretion of cytokines induces endothelial adhesion molecules

Question 28

what is the role of chemokines in leukocyte migration into tissues?

Answer 28

chemokine deposition on endothelial surfaces triggers increased integrin affinity; also important for chemotaxis

Question 29

what are the three steps in leukocyte migration into tissues?

Answer 29

rolling, firm adhesion, and transmigration

Question 30

Locomotion oriented along a chemical gradient is known as ______.

Answer 30

chemotaxis

Question 31

T or F: Chemoattractants for leukocytes include both exogenous and endogenous substances.

Answer 31

T; exogenous sources are bacterial products and endogenous sources are complement, cytokines, chemokines, and lipoxygenase products

Question 32

what type of leukocytes predominate in the first 6-24 hours of acute inflammation? in the first 24-48 hours?

Answer 32

neutrophils in the first 6-24, monocytes in the first 24-48

Question 33

T or F: in acute viral infections, neutrophils are the first cells to arrive

Answer 33

F; lymphocytes are the first to arrive in acute viral infections

Question 34

What are the three steps of phagocytosis of ingested particles?

Answer 34

1) recognition and attachment of particle to leukocyte
2) engulfment of particle and subsequent formation of a phagocytic vacoule
3) degradation of ingested material

Question 35

What are the three possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 35

resolution of inflammation, progression into chronic inflammation, and fibrosis of affected tissue