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8. Clinical immunology Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of immunodiffusion

A
  1. radial

2. double

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2
Q

8 types of immunoassays

A
  1. radio
  2. ELISA
  3. flow cytometry
  4. multiplex
  5. microarrays
  6. complement
  7. immunofluorescence
  8. immunocytochemistry
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3
Q

difference between radial and double immunodiffusion

A

radial - 1 well

double - many wells

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4
Q

what occurs in immunodiffusion?

A

Ag and Ab form complexes - forms ring of precipitate

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5
Q

radial ID diagnoses .. (2)

A
  1. dysfibrinogenaemia

2. brucellosis

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6
Q

what is dysfibrinogenaemia

A

coagulation disorder

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7
Q

what is brucellosis

A

bacterial infection from food

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8
Q

Double ID diagnoses.. (3)

A
  1. fungal inf
  2. viral inf
  3. forensics
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9
Q

other than ID, which other lab method uses precipitation?

A

Agglutination

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10
Q

4 uses of agglutination testing

A
  1. blood group serology
  2. Thyroid testing
  3. Rose Waaler test - rheumatoid arthritis
  4. Paul Bunnel test - glandular fever
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11
Q

what is immunoelectrophoresis?

A

Biochemical method for separating proteins

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12
Q

what 2 processes does immunoelectrophoresis use?

A

electrophoresis and immunodiffusion

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13
Q

Describe steps in immunoelectrophoresis

A
  1. sample added to gel
  2. electric current applies
  3. Ig migrate through gel
  4. antisera added
  5. Ag/Ab complex visualised
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14
Q

what is immunoelectrophoresis replaced by? 3 reasons why

A

immunofixation

  1. easier to interpret results/perform
  2. faster
  3. more sensitive
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15
Q

difference between immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixaton

A

IF uses an acid violent stain for interpretting

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16
Q

what does immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixaton diagnose? - 4

A
  1. Waldenstrom’s macroglobinaemia
  2. myeloma
  3. Ig type
  4. allergy testing
17
Q

what is Waldenstrom’s macroglobinaemia ?

A

high level of IgM

18
Q

which process is used to commercially produce Ab?

A

immunoassays

19
Q

what are immmunoassays generally used to measure concentrations of? (4)

A
  1. hormones
  2. tumour markers
  3. autoAb
  4. allergens
20
Q

3 types of marker are attached in immunoassays, what are they?

A
  1. enzyme; HRP, alkaline peroxidase
  2. Radioisotopes - I-125, H-3, P-32
  3. fluoresents - fluoresein, rhodamine
21
Q

why are radioisotopes not usually used?

A

health and safety

22
Q

in ELISA - which 2 ways are used to measure colour?

A
  1. optical density

2. absorbance

23
Q

in ELISA- what is the intensity of colour proportional to?

A

Amount of Ag bound

24
Q

what 3 things can flow cytometry identify?

A
  1. leucocytes
  2. immunophenotyping (diseases)
  3. allergy testing
25
in flow cytometry - what will be identified in those with a latex allergy?
CD64
26
in flow cytometry - what will be identified in those with chronic lymphocyte leukaemia ?
CD5
27
in flow cytometry - what will be identified in those with HIV?
CD4
28
which method uses polymerase chain reactions?
multiplex technology
29
describe process of luminex - multiplex technology
1. polystyrene beads have Ag and fluorescent dyes attaches 2. , Beads attach to Ag in serum 3. Analysed in flow cytometer
30
name 5 things multiplex technology detects?
1. Ig isotypes 2. viral resp infections 3. virus causing eye infections 4. rheumatoid arthritis 5. cytokines 6. Growth factors 7. acute phase proteins 8. Ab
31
which method tests for breast cancer? what does it test for specifically:?
Microarray | BRCA1 and BRCA2
32
which test is commonly used for allergy testing
microarray
33
describe steps in microarray allergy testing
1. common allergen proteins attached to glass 2. Pt plasma added 3. Ag/Ab reaction 4. Bound IgE detected 5. microarray scanner determines amount of fluorescence
34
4 methods used for allergy testing
1. skin prick test 2. patch test 3. lab tests 4. challenge test
35
what does immunofluorescence detect?
antinuclear Ab- bind to contents of a cell
36
in what type of diseases are there high levels of antinuclear Ab?
autoimmune
37
describe set-up in immunofluorescence reactions
1. slide w/Ag 2. Ab attached from pt 3. secondary Ab attached which is conjugated to fluorescein
38
name 5 diseases immunofluorescence can detect
1. Autoimmune (AI) liver D 2. AI kidney D 3. AI thyroid D 4. coeliac D 5. Diabetes 6. Addison's D 7. Pernicious anaemia
39
which methods are used to detect tumours - adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer?
immunocytochemistry, immunohistrochemistry

Immunology (11 decks)

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