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Immunology > 8. Clinical immunology > Flashcards

8. Clinical immunology Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of immunodiffusion

A
  1. radial

2. double

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2
Q

8 types of immunoassays

A
  1. radio
  2. ELISA
  3. flow cytometry
  4. multiplex
  5. microarrays
  6. complement
  7. immunofluorescence
  8. immunocytochemistry
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3
Q

difference between radial and double immunodiffusion

A

radial - 1 well

double - many wells

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4
Q

what occurs in immunodiffusion?

A

Ag and Ab form complexes - forms ring of precipitate

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5
Q

radial ID diagnoses .. (2)

A
  1. dysfibrinogenaemia

2. brucellosis

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6
Q

what is dysfibrinogenaemia

A

coagulation disorder

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7
Q

what is brucellosis

A

bacterial infection from food

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8
Q

Double ID diagnoses.. (3)

A
  1. fungal inf
  2. viral inf
  3. forensics
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9
Q

other than ID, which other lab method uses precipitation?

A

Agglutination

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10
Q

4 uses of agglutination testing

A
  1. blood group serology
  2. Thyroid testing
  3. Rose Waaler test - rheumatoid arthritis
  4. Paul Bunnel test - glandular fever
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11
Q

what is immunoelectrophoresis?

A

Biochemical method for separating proteins

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12
Q

what 2 processes does immunoelectrophoresis use?

A

electrophoresis and immunodiffusion

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13
Q

Describe steps in immunoelectrophoresis

A
  1. sample added to gel
  2. electric current applies
  3. Ig migrate through gel
  4. antisera added
  5. Ag/Ab complex visualised
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14
Q

what is immunoelectrophoresis replaced by? 3 reasons why

A

immunofixation

  1. easier to interpret results/perform
  2. faster
  3. more sensitive
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15
Q

difference between immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixaton

A

IF uses an acid violent stain for interpretting

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16
Q

what does immunoelectrophoresis and immunofixaton diagnose? - 4

A
  1. Waldenstrom’s macroglobinaemia
  2. myeloma
  3. Ig type
  4. allergy testing
17
Q

what is Waldenstrom’s macroglobinaemia ?

A

high level of IgM

18
Q

which process is used to commercially produce Ab?

A

immunoassays

19
Q

what are immmunoassays generally used to measure concentrations of? (4)

A
  1. hormones
  2. tumour markers
  3. autoAb
  4. allergens
20
Q

3 types of marker are attached in immunoassays, what are they?

A
  1. enzyme; HRP, alkaline peroxidase
  2. Radioisotopes - I-125, H-3, P-32
  3. fluoresents - fluoresein, rhodamine
21
Q

why are radioisotopes not usually used?

A

health and safety

22
Q

in ELISA - which 2 ways are used to measure colour?

A
  1. optical density

2. absorbance

23
Q

in ELISA- what is the intensity of colour proportional to?

A

Amount of Ag bound

24
Q

what 3 things can flow cytometry identify?

A
  1. leucocytes
  2. immunophenotyping (diseases)
  3. allergy testing
25
Q

in flow cytometry - what will be identified in those with a latex allergy?

A

CD64

26
Q

in flow cytometry - what will be identified in those with chronic lymphocyte leukaemia ?

A

CD5

27
Q

in flow cytometry - what will be identified in those with HIV?

A

CD4

28
Q

which method uses polymerase chain reactions?

A

multiplex technology

29
Q

describe process of luminex - multiplex technology

A
  1. polystyrene beads have Ag and fluorescent dyes attaches
  2. , Beads attach to Ag in serum
  3. Analysed in flow cytometer
30
Q

name 5 things multiplex technology detects?

A
  1. Ig isotypes
  2. viral resp infections
  3. virus causing eye infections
  4. rheumatoid arthritis
  5. cytokines
  6. Growth factors
  7. acute phase proteins
  8. Ab
31
Q

which method tests for breast cancer? what does it test for specifically:?

A

Microarray

BRCA1 and BRCA2

32
Q

which test is commonly used for allergy testing

A

microarray

33
Q

describe steps in microarray allergy testing

A
  1. common allergen proteins attached to glass
  2. Pt plasma added
  3. Ag/Ab reaction
  4. Bound IgE detected
  5. microarray scanner determines amount of fluorescence
34
Q

4 methods used for allergy testing

A
  1. skin prick test
  2. patch test
  3. lab tests
  4. challenge test
35
Q

what does immunofluorescence detect?

A

antinuclear Ab- bind to contents of a cell

36
Q

in what type of diseases are there high levels of antinuclear Ab?

A

autoimmune

37
Q

describe set-up in immunofluorescence reactions

A
  1. slide w/Ag
  2. Ab attached from pt
  3. secondary Ab attached which is conjugated to fluorescein
38
Q

name 5 diseases immunofluorescence can detect

A
  1. Autoimmune (AI) liver D
  2. AI kidney D
  3. AI thyroid D
  4. coeliac D
  5. Diabetes
  6. Addison’s D
  7. Pernicious anaemia
39
Q

which methods are used to detect tumours - adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer?

A

immunocytochemistry, immunohistrochemistry

Immunology (11 decks)

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