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Immunology > 3. Antibody classes > Flashcards

3. Antibody classes Flashcards

1
Q

how many IgG subtypes?

A

4

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2
Q

how many IgA subtypes?

A

2

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3
Q

what type of molecules are Ab?

A

immunoglobulins, glycoproteins

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4
Q

5 places you would find Ab

A
  1. breast milk
  2. blood
  3. saliva
    4, tears
  4. plasma
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5
Q

which is the most abundant Ab in plasma?

A

IgG

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6
Q

which Ab has longest half life?

A

IgG

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7
Q

which Ab is predominant in secondary response?

A

IgG

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8
Q

which Ab is used in vaccination?

A

IgG

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9
Q

which Ig crosses the placenta?

A

IgG

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10
Q

which disease can be caused by IgG? explain it

A

Haemolytic disease of newborn

  1. 1st baby is rhesus +ve and mother is -ve
  2. Baby Ag cross placenta
  3. Mother creates Ab
  4. in second preg - Ab cross placenta and kill baby
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11
Q

Describe IgG structure

A

4 polypeptide chains ; 2 heavy and 2 light joined by disuphide bonds (3)
2 identical Fab regions (antigen binding) and 1 Fc region (Ab binding to receptor) (2)

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12
Q

which Ab needs to be matched during blood transfusions?

A

IgG

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13
Q

in the diffferent IgG subclasses- which part of the Ab differs? how does it differ?

A

Fc region - difference in AA

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14
Q

All IgG subclasses can cross the placenta except?

A

IgG2

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15
Q

State what each IgG subclass is produced in response to

A

IgG1 + 3 = T-cell dependent antigens (viral ag)
IgG2 = polysaccharide Ag
IgG4 = extracellular parasites

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16
Q

which IgG subclasses are higher in childhood and which are higher in adulthood?

A

IgG1 + 3 = children

IgG2 = adult

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17
Q

IgG can be measured to diagnose what disease?

A

autoimmune hepatitis

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18
Q

IgG can be measured for check serological immunity (after vaccination) - for what 5 diseases?

A

MMR, Hep B, Varicella (chicken pox)

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19
Q

which is the largest Ab?

A

IgM

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20
Q

when is IgM produced?

A

primary response

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21
Q

where is IgM found?

A

lymph nodes + secretions

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22
Q

does IgM cross the placenta?

A

no

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23
Q

what does IgM activate?

A

complement

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24
Q

Describe structure of IgM (4)

A
  1. pentamer (5 Ab)
  2. joined by disulphide bonds and protein J chain
  3. larger heavy chains
  4. 10 epitopes - but only 5 bind due to size
25
Q

give 3 diseases where IgM is raised?

A
  1. liver disease
  2. myeloma
  3. Waldenstrom’s macroglobinanaemia
26
Q

give 3 times where IgM is low?

A
  1. infancy
  2. acquired deficiency
  3. hereditary deficiency
27
Q

Describe haemolytic blood transfusion reaction

A
  • when someone is not given their blood group in a transfusion
  • blood cells attack and cause destruction of incompatible blood
28
Q

what is mutliple myeloma?

A

cancer of plasma cells

29
Q

pathophysiology of mutliple myeloma

A
  1. plasma cells produce paraprotein - Abnormal M protein

2. Protein builds up in the blood, urine, bone marrow

30
Q

SXS of mutliple myeloma

A

no lump

prescence of paraprotein in blood/urine

31
Q

why does mutliple myeloma have its name?

A

it affects multiple places around the body - spine, skill, pelvis, rib cage, long bones

32
Q

What is waldenstrom’s macroglobinanaemia ?

A

cancer of plasma cells - high levels of IgM

33
Q

where is IgA most prevalent?

A

secretions

34
Q

function of IgA

A

protect mucosal surface from infection

35
Q

most numerous IgA subtype?

A

IgA1

36
Q

describe structure of IgA subtypes

A

IgA1 = monomer
IgA2 = dimer which is held together by disulphide bonds and J chain
has additional secretory protein wrapped around Fc region

37
Q

where is IgA2 found?

A

saliva, tears, colostrum (breastmilk), mucus, sweat, glands, gastric fluid

38
Q

what cells produce IgA2?

A

epithelial

39
Q

which surfaces are protected by IgA2?

A
  1. resp
  2. GI
  3. Genitourinary
40
Q

what is the most common Ig deficiency?

A

IgA

41
Q

what 3 diseases are IgA deficienct people prone to?

A
  1. chest infection
  2. coeliac disease
  3. pernicious anaemia
42
Q

Least abundant and shortest half life Ab

A

IgE

43
Q

function of IgE

A

immunity to parasites + helminths

44
Q

Describe physiology of IgE

A
  1. parasite/helminth invades
  2. IgE attaches to receptors on basophils + mast cells
  3. causes secretion of proteolytic enzymes, histamine + tryptase to kill pathogen
45
Q

when IgE binds to mast cells, it can cause Type 1 hypersensitivity. give 3 examples of this

A
  1. allergic asthma
  2. allergic rhinitis
  3. food allergies
46
Q

name of syndrome where IgE is high

A

Job’s syndrome

47
Q

SXS of Jobs syndrom

A
  1. skin, resp + ear abscesses

2. weak immune response

48
Q

cause of Job’s syndrome

A

defect of STAT3 gene on chromosome 4

49
Q

which other Ab can bind to basophils and mast cells?

A

IgD

50
Q

where is IgD found?

A

membrane

51
Q

what is HIDS?

A

Hyper IgD syndrome

52
Q

SXS of HIDS (5)

A
  1. skin rashes
  2. fever
  3. abdo pain
  4. vomiting
  5. sudden onset pyrexia
53
Q

cause of HIDS

A

mevalonate kinase gene mutation

54
Q

in class switch recombination, which region of the Ab changes?

A

constant

55
Q

how does CSR occur on a molecular level?

A

interchromosomal deletion, recombination

56
Q

In CSR: where does the DNA break?

A

switch region

57
Q

In CSR: where does substitution occur?

A

constant region

58
Q

In CSR: what causes free ends of DNA to join back together?

A

NHEJ - non-homologous end joining

Immunology (11 decks)

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