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Immunology > 10. Cell mediated acquired immune responses > Flashcards

10. Cell mediated acquired immune responses Flashcards

1
Q

where are intracellular vesicular pathogens?

A

phagocytosed in membrane-bound compartments

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2
Q

where are intracellular cytoplasmic pathogens?

A

cytosol

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3
Q

what are intracellular vesicular pathogens recognised by?

A

helper T cells

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4
Q

what are intracellular cytoplasmic pathogens recognised by?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

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5
Q

what are extracellular pathogens recognised by?

A

B cells

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6
Q

3 types of APC

A
  1. dendritic
  2. macrophage
  3. b cell
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7
Q

where are APcs?

A

secondary LT

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8
Q

steps of dendritic cell maturation

A
  1. pathogen phagocytosis
  2. dendritic cell matures in epidermis - express MHC, cytokines and TLR
  3. DC migration to lymph node
  4. T cell enters lymph node
  5. T cell receptor recognises Ag on DC (APC)
  6. T cell migration to site of infection
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9
Q

which cells detect MHC I?

A

CD8

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10
Q

which cells detect MHC II?

A

CD4

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11
Q

what is the TCR complex made of?

A

variable alpha and beta fragment

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12
Q

what is the MHC complex made of?

A

alpha 1,2 and 3

B2m fragments

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13
Q

what joins the TCR and MHC complexes together?

A

peptides

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14
Q

what type of pathogens do CD8 cells respond to?

A

intracellular cytoplasmic

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15
Q

what type of pathogens do CD4 cells respond to?

A

intracellular vesicular

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16
Q

3 connections between APC and CD8 Tc cell for activation?

A
  1. MHC I and CD8+
  2. B7 and CD28
  3. IL-12 and IL-2 released
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17
Q

steps in CD8 proliferation and differentiation?

A
  1. CD8 autocrine release of IL-2
  2. IL-2 binds to high affinity IL-2 receptors on T cell
  3. stimulates proliferation and differentiation
  4. differentiation into memory and effector cells
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18
Q

what occurs after CD8 proliferation and differentiation?

A
  1. Tc leave secondary LT and enter blood

2. Tc recognise MHC I/Ag complex on infected cells

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19
Q

2 ways CD8+ cells kill cels

A
  1. Fas

2. Perforin and granzyme

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20
Q

describe apoptosis by CD8 by fas

A
  1. fas ligand (Tc) binds to Fas on target cell

2. triggers extrinsic apoptopic pathway

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21
Q

describe perforin/granzyme steps in CD8 apoptosis pathway

A
  1. TCR attach to MHC I (target cell)
  2. Cell adhesion - LFA-1 (tc) binds to ICAM-1 (target cell)
  3. Tc releases granzyme and perforin into immune synapse
  4. perforin = induces granzyme uptake by cell and its cytoplasmic release
  5. granzyme B = cleaves pro-caspase - creates caspase 3
  6. apoptosis
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22
Q

4 diseases which causes resistance against Tc cell

A
  1. herpes simplex virus
  2. cytomegalovirus
  3. epstein-Barr virus
  4. Pox virus
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23
Q

Herpes simplex virus resistance against T cell

A

inhibition of Ag presentation

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24
Q

Cytomegalovirus resistance against T cell

A

inhibition of Ag presentation - removes MHC I

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25
Q

Epstein-Barr resistance against T cell

A

inhibition of Ag presentation - produces IL-10 - inhibits macrophage + DC activation

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26
Q

pox virus resistance against T cell

A

inhibition of effector cell activation - blocking cytokines

27
Q

effector functions of Th

A

secrete cytokines which cause the stimulation of:

Tc cells, neutrophils, B cells, macrophages

28
Q

3 examples of cytokines

A
  • IL-17
  • tumour necrosis factor
  • chemokines
29
Q

what type of chemicals are cytokines

A

glycoproteins

30
Q

function of IL-17

A

secreted by Th cells to stimulate bone marrow to increase neutrophil proliferation by GM-CSF

31
Q

what is GM-CSF

A

granulocyte -macrophage colony-stimulating factor

32
Q

5 different type of Th cell?

A

Th1, Th2, Th17, TFH, Treg

33
Q

which cell are all of the Th cells produced from?

A

Th0

34
Q

which Th cell defends against intracellular bacteria?

A

Th1

35
Q

what does Th2 provide defence against?

A

Heliminths

36
Q

which Th cell defends against extracellular bacteria and fungi ?

A

Th17

37
Q

what does ThFH defend against

A

extracellular pathogens

38
Q

role of Treg

A

regulatory role of suppressing the immune system

39
Q

what cytokines do Th1 produce?

A

IFN-gamma

40
Q

what 3 cytokines do Th2 produce?

A

IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13

41
Q

what 3 cytokines do Th17 produce?

A

IL-17a, IL-17F and IL-22

42
Q

describe steps in TH1 production

A
  1. intracellular bacteria enters body
  2. APC interacts with TH0 cell
    - B7 and CD28
    - MHCII and CD4
  3. APC releases IL-12
  4. NK releases IFN-y
  5. differentiation of TH0 into TH1
43
Q

3 effector functions of TH1

A
  1. macrophage activation
  2. B cell production of IgG
  3. Tc maturation
44
Q

describe effector function of TH1 in terms of macrophage activation in steps

A
  1. TH1 releases IFN-y
  2. macrophage interacts with TH1 cell
    - IFN-y and CD40L
  3. macrophage activation
  4. enhanced phagocytosis
45
Q

describe effector function of TH1 in terms of B cell activation in steps

A
  1. TH1 releases IFN-y
  2. activates B cell
  3. B cell produces IgG
  4. IgG used as adaptor molecule for complement and opsonisation
46
Q

describe effector function of TH1 in terms of Tc cell activation in steps

A
  1. TH1 releases IFN-y
  2. causes APC to release cytokines which activate Tc maturation
  3. directly activates Tc maturation
47
Q

describe steps in TH2 production

A
  1. helminth enters body
  2. interaction between APC and T cell (B7-CD28, MHC II, CD4)
  3. secretion of IL-4 from mast cells and eosinophil and autocrine Th
  4. differentiation into Th2
48
Q

3 effector functions of Th2

A
  1. B cell production of IgG4 and IgE
  2. macrophage activation
  3. eosinophil activation
49
Q

describe effector function of TH2 in terms of B cell activation in steps

A
  1. TH2 release Il-4
  2. stimulates B cell to produce IgG4 and IgE
  3. IgE causes mast cell degranulation against helminths
50
Q

describe effector function of TH2 in terms of macrophage activation in steps

A
  1. Th2 release IL-4 and IL-13
  2. stimulate macrophage
  3. enhanced phagocytosis
51
Q

describe effector function of TH2 in terms of eosinophil activation in steps

A
  1. Th2 releases IL-5

2. activates eosinophils

52
Q

describe steps in TH17 production

A
  1. extracellular bacteria/fungi enter body
  2. interaction between APC and CD4 cell
  3. APC releases IL-6, IL-23, TGF-beta
  4. autocrine secretion of IL-21
  5. differentiation into TH17
53
Q

2 effector functions of Th17

A
  1. leukocyte stimulation of neutrophils

2. antimicrobial peptides from tissue cells

54
Q

describe effector function of TH17 in terms of neutrophil activation in steps

A
  1. TH17 secretes IL-17
  2. causes leukocytes to stimulate neutrophil production
  3. also causes BM to release GM-CSF which stimulates neutrophil production
  4. neutrophils cause inflammation
55
Q

which cytokine is secreted from Th-17 to increase antimicrobial peptides ?

A

IL-22

56
Q

2 effector functions of TFH

A
  1. B cell proliferation

2. B cell differentiation into plasma cells

57
Q

how does TFh cause B cell proliferation

A

Tfh recognise Ag and MHC II

58
Q

which cytokines does Tfh release to cause B cell differentiation into plasma cells

A

IL-21

59
Q

function of Treg

A

down regulation of cytokines - losing cell function

60
Q

what cytokine is released from Treg, what does it do?

A

TGF-beta

inhibits function of TH2 and TH1

61
Q

which other 2 cytokines, apart from TGF-beta, are involved in Treg? what do they do?

A
  1. IL-4 (Th2)
    inhibits function of TH1 and TH17
  2. IFN-y (TH1)
    inhibits function of TH2 and TH17
62
Q

which cell does HIV deplete?

A

CD4+ helper T cells

63
Q

describe HIV pathophysiology in steps

A
  1. HIV attacks
  2. immune response (Anti-HIV Abs, HIV-specific Tc cells)
  3. clinical latency - virus trapped in LT by follicular DC- low levels of viral production
  4. increase in viral production
  5. virus kills LT and CD4 cells
64
Q

3 consequences of HIV infection

A
  1. AIDS
  2. Infection /cancer
    3, death

Immunology (11 decks)

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