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Immunology > 2. Innate immune responses > Flashcards

2. Innate immune responses Flashcards

1
Q

4 things which make skin a good barrier to infection

A
  1. acidic pH ; 4-5.5
  2. desquamation
  3. sentinel cells (macrophages + dendritic cells) embedded in membrane
  4. sweat contains microbicidal FA to break down bacterial cell walls
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2
Q

3 things which make mucous a good barrier to infection

A
  1. thick
  2. flora - compete with bacteria
  3. ciliated/peristaltic movements
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3
Q

2 physiological barriers to infection

A
  1. pH

2. temp >37

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4
Q

what protein is produced in tears? what is its funtion?

A

lysosome - breaks down bacterial cell wall

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5
Q

what celll produces defensins ? in what substance?

A

neutrophils - sweat

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6
Q

function of defensins

A

antimicrobial

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7
Q

2 functions of lung surfactacts

A
  1. lubricate surface to prevent infection

2. acts as opsonin for phagocytosis

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8
Q

name 2 opsonin proteins

A
  1. C-reactive protein

2. Mannose-binding protein

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9
Q

function of lactoferrin and transferrin

A

Binds iron to microbe - iron is toxic

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10
Q

what protein induces fever

A

IL-1

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11
Q

3 functions of complement

A
  1. lysis
  2. opsonisation
  3. inflammation
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12
Q

which 3 cells conduct phagocytosis?

A
  1. macrophage
  2. monocyte
  3. neutrophil
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13
Q

2 functions of dendritic cell

A
  1. produce cytokines - inflammation

2. stimulates adaptive IS

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14
Q

when are mast cells activated?

A

when microbes attach to receptors/Ab

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15
Q

2 functions of mast cells

A
  1. inflammation

2. cytokine and proteolytic enzyme release

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16
Q

function of NK cells

A

kill infected host cells

17
Q

3 mechanisms of innate immunity

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. target cell lysis
  3. inflammation
18
Q

steps of phagocytosis - innate

A
  1. cell recognisie PAMPS/DAMPS with TLR
  2. phagocytotic membrane engulfs microbe
  3. phagosome fuses with lysosome - phagolysosome
  4. NO, ROS, proteolytic enzymes released to kill microbe
19
Q

5 types of cellular receptors in the innate immune system

A
  1. TLR
  2. NLR
  3. CDS
  4. RLR
  5. CLR
20
Q

which cellular receptor is endosomal? what does it recnoginise?

A

TLR - nucleic acids

21
Q

which cellular receptors are on the cell membrane? what do they recognise?

A 
TLR = bacterial cell wall lipid 
CLR = microbial polysaccharide wall
22
Q

which 3 receptors are cytosolic (give full names)

A
  1. NOD like receptor
  2. Rig like receptor
  3. Cytosolic DNA sensor
23
Q

what do NLR respond to? what do they cause the activation of?

A

peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall - activate Transcription factor for inflammation

24
Q

Which receptor responds to viral RNA?

A

RLR

25
Q

which receptor responds to microbial DNA?

A

CDS

26
Q

describe structure of TLR

A
  1. ligand binding doman with leucine rich motifs

2. can either be double or single stranded or lipopolysaccharide

27
Q

function of TLR when activated

A

Cause transcription which causes the increased expression of cytokines which leads to inflammation and the adaptive response

28
Q

what is the role of phagocytosis in the adaptive response?

A

antigen presenting cells

29
Q

which type of cells undergo cell lysis?

A

NK cells - large granular lymphocytes

30
Q

2 types of cells which undergo cell lysis

A
  1. viral infected host cell

2. phagocytosed microbe

31
Q

describe steps of cell lysis of a viral infected host cell

A
  1. NK cell detects viral proteins

2. NK cell delivers enzymes to kill the cell

32
Q

describe steps of cell lysis of phagocytosed microbe

A
  1. macrophage with engulfed microbe releases IL-12
  2. NK cells detects IL and attaches to the microbe
  3. NK cell releases IFN-y
  4. instructs macrophage to kill pathogen
33
Q

describe the inflammation response in the innate response

A
  1. mast cells, dendritic cells and macrophages recognise damaged cell - release cytokines and mediators (histamine and heparin)
  2. mediators cause increased permeablity of the blood vessel
  3. causes entry of complement proteins into tissues AND entry of leukocytes into tissue
  4. leukocytes destroy microbes and induce more inflammation and repair
34
Q

2 signals from innate system which induces the adaptive system

A
  1. recognition of antigens by lymphocytes

2. cytokines

Immunology (11 decks)

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