1. Overview of immune responses

Question 1

2 types of pathogen

Answer 1

extracellular and intracellular

Question 2

which places do extracellular pathogens attack?

Answer 2

interstitial spaces, blood, lymph, epithelial surfaces

Question 3

which places do intracellular pathogens attack?

Answer 3

cytosol, vesicular

Question 4

4 mechanisms against extracellular pathogens

Answer 4

1. Ab
2. Complement
3. Phagocytosis
4. Neutralisation

Question 5

4 mechanisms against intracellular pathogens

Answer 5

1. Cytotoxic T cell
2. T cell
3. NK cell
4. dependent Macrophage activation

Question 6

2 different routes of epithelia entry

Answer 6

1. mucosal

2. external

Question 7

3 routes of mucosal epithelia - give examples for each

Answer 7

1. airway - spores, inhaled droplet
2. GI tract - contaminated food/drink
3. reproductive tract - sexual contact

Question 8

3 routes of external epithelia - give examples for each

Answer 8

1. external surface - skin
2. wounds and abrasions - puncture, infected animals
3. insect bites

Question 9

what are the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defense

Answer 9

1st - protective barrier = skin, mucosa
2nd - innate - NK and macrophages
3rd - specific/adaptive - Ab, B and T cell

Question 10

difference between T and B lymphocytes

Answer 10

B = recognition of extracellular pathogens - humoral
T = recognition of intracellular pathogens - cell mediated

Question 11

function of granulocytes

Answer 11

killing microbes

Question 12

what chemicals allow the linkage between the innate and adaptive system

Answer 12

cytokines

Question 13

how do cytokines work?

Answer 13

they attach to a receptor on the target cell, cause chemical cascade which leads to gene transcription

Question 14

2 types of immunity

Answer 14

1. active

2. passive

Question 15

4 disadvantages of the immune system

Answer 15

1. autoimmune disease
2. transplant rejection
3. hypersensitivity and allergy
4. immunodeficiency

Question 16

what is SCID?

Answer 16

severe combined immunodefiency - cannot produce lymphocytes

Question 17

what causes SCID?

Answer 17

single gene defect

Question 18

give an example of an acquired immune disease - what does it cause?

Answer 18

AIDS - removes function of immune cells

Question 19

name 3 types of autoimmune disease

Answer 19

1. arthritis
2. diabetes type 1
3. multiple sclerosis

Question 20

what is mutliple sclerosis?

Answer 20

breakdown of myelin sheath