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Immunology > 7. Acquired immunity B and T cell development and Ag recognition > Flashcards

7. Acquired immunity B and T cell development and Ag recognition Flashcards

1
Q

common precursor of lymphocytes

A
  1. multipotential haemopoetic stem cell (haemocytoblast)
  2. common lymphoid progenitor
  3. small lymphocyte
  4. B cell and T cell
  5. plasma cell from B cell
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2
Q

what stimulates the differentiation of the haemocytoblast into the common lymphoid progenitor?

A

IL- 7

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3
Q

what stimulates the differentiation of common lymphoid progenitor into small lymphocyte?

A

IL-7

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4
Q

what stimulates small lymphocyte into B cell?

A

IL-4

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5
Q

what stimulates small lymphocyte into T cell?

A

IL-7 and IL-2

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6
Q

what occurs in SCID?

A

T/B cells cannot be produced - immunodeficiency

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7
Q

what mutation causes SCID?

A

Mutations in IL-7

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8
Q

where does the development of lymphocytes occur?

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

Describe B cell receptor

A

antibody embedded in cell membrane

Ig alpha and Ig beta - has ITAM tail

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10
Q

Describe T cell receptor

A

Membrane bound alpha and beta
CD3
ITAM tails

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11
Q

what does a T cell receptor recognise

A

Ag presented by MHC

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12
Q

How do B cells recognise Ag?

A

on microbe themselves

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13
Q

how do Th cells recognise Ag?

A

Ag presented by APC

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14
Q

how do Th cells recognise Ag?

A

Infected cells presenting Ag

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15
Q

general effector functions of B cell - 3

A

complement, inflammation, phagocytosis

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16
Q

general effecter functions of Th cels

A

releases cytokines - activate macrophage, inflammation and activation of T/b cells

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17
Q

which 2 cells have the general effector function of killing cells?

A

Tc cell and NK cell

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18
Q

effector function of Regulatory T cell

A

suppression of immune system

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19
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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20
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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21
Q

describe maturation process of T cells

A
  1. bone marrow
  2. migrate to thymus
  3. enter thymus cortex as thymocytes
  4. travel down into medulla thymus
  5. recieve maturation signals by macrophages, dendritic and epithelial cells
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22
Q

B cell 2nd LT

A

spleen, mucosal tissues

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23
Q

T cell 2nd LT

A

spleen, mucosal tissues, lymph nodes

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24
Q

how to B/T cells enter/leave lymph nodes

A

enter - afferent vessels

leave - efferent vessels

25
Q

difference between antigen dependent and independent phases of development?

A

independent - primary LT
circulating lymphocytes to detect Ag

Dependent - Secondary LT
after Ag stimulation - produces effector and memory cells

26
Q

which types of Ag do B cells recognise?

A

intracelullar - bacteria, fungi, protozoa etc

27
Q

what is an epitope?

A

region of antigen specifically recognised by an Ab binding site (paratope)

28
Q

what is a linear epitope?

A

AA sequence

29
Q

what is a 3D epitope?

A

AA chain wrapped around itself - only exposed AA are recognised

30
Q

what is a hapten?

A

small organic molecule which is too small to be recognised by the immune system

31
Q

when are haptens dangerous?

A

when they bind to our cells - cause autoimmune response

32
Q

which secondary LT do Ag in tissue travel to?

A

Local lymph nodes

33
Q

which secondary LT do Ag in blood travel to?

A

spleen

34
Q

which secondary LT do Ag in gut travel to?

A

Peyer’s patches

35
Q

what cells transport Ag to secondary LT?

A

dendritic

36
Q

3 types of APC

A

B cell, dendritic , macrophage

37
Q

which ag does each APC recognise?

A

B cell = microbial toxin
dendritic = viral
Macrophage = bacterial

38
Q

which APC is present in thymus cortex?

A

dendritic

39
Q

Which MHC complex does Tc cells recognise?

A

MHC I

40
Q

Which MHC complex does Th cells recognise?

A

MHC II

41
Q

what causes swollen lymph nodes?

A

increased migration of lymphocytes to secondary LT as a result of infection

42
Q

2 types of effector T cells

A

Th and Tc

43
Q

cells which express CD4+

A

Th

44
Q

cells which express CD8+

A

Tc

45
Q

function of Th (4)

A
  • release cytokines
  • activate phagocytosis
  • activate tc
  • promote Ab production
46
Q

function of Tc

A

directly kill cells harbouring microbes

47
Q

specific name of cytokines which Th release

A

Interleukin’s

48
Q

where does the activation of Th occur?

A

peripheral LT

49
Q

describe the 3 interactions between the Th cell and the dendritic cell

A
  1. CD4+ and MHC II
  2. CD28 and B7
  3. Cytokines; IL-12
50
Q

what occurs after the Th cell is activated?

A
  1. migrates to site of infection
  2. released IFN-gamma
  3. attracts and attaches to macrophage
  4. IFN-y attaches to IFN receptor
  5. CD40 ligand attaches to CD40
51
Q

2 ways a Tc kills cells?

A
  1. perforin

2. fas ligand

52
Q

what 2 cells circulate in the circulating T cell pool

A
  1. Thymus-derived naive T cells

2. memory cells

53
Q

describe composition of circulating T cell pool in babies

A

more naive cells than memory cells as not been exposed to many memory cells

54
Q

describe composition of circulating T cell pool in adults

A

more memory cells than naive cell - less effective at responding to new pathogens

55
Q

2 types of self tolerence

A

central and peripheral

56
Q

where does central tolerance occur

A

thymus

57
Q

where does peripheral tolerance occur

A

secondary LT

58
Q

describe process of central tolerance

A
  1. naive cells enter thymus
  2. cells exposed to self-Ag
  3. if cells respond - clonal deletion - apoptosis
59
Q

describe process of peripheral tolerance

A
  1. regulatory T cell recognise cells which attack self-Ag

2. RTC send out cytokines to attract Tc cells to action against them

Immunology (11 decks)

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