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IGCSE Science > 8 Chemistry - Structure and Bonding > Flashcards

8 Chemistry - Structure and Bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an ion

A

An element or a molecule with an imbalance of change
They are either positive or negative
Formed between metals and non-metals

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2
Q

What has to happen to an ion to become an ion?

A

It gains or loses an electron

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3
Q

General properties of ionic compounds

A

High melting/boiling points (takes a lot of energy to break the bonds)

Usually soluble in water (water molecules attract ions away)

Conduct electricity when melted or dissolved (ions are charged and free to move)

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4
Q

What are the scientific names for gaining or losing electrons?

A

Gain: reduction
Loss: oxidation

Oxidation
Is
Loss
Reduction
Is
Gain
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5
Q

What are positive ions called?

A

Cations

they are usually metals (“pussytive”)

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6
Q

What are negative ions called?

A

Anions

they are usually non-metals

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7
Q

When do covalent bonds occur?

A

When electrons are shared between non-metals

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8
Q

Describe the structure of graphite

A

Each carbon has a covalent bond with 3 other carbons, making rings which lie on top of each other (these slide over each other easily). It is able to carry a charge through a 4th electron free of bonds.

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9
Q

Describe the structure of diamond

A

Each carbon forms a covalent bond to 4 other carbons, these hold the structure in place making it very hard.

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10
Q

Properties of covalent compounds - Simple molecular compounds

A

Volatile
Low melting/boiling pnts
Insulators (dont conduct heat)
Insoluble in water (generally)

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11
Q

Properties of covalent compounds - Giant covalent compounds (diamond, graphite, fluorine)

A

Not very volatile
High melting/boiling pnts
Insulators (except graphite)
Insoluble in water

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12
Q

How do you prove water?

A
  1. Turns white anhydrous copper(III) sulphate blue
  2. Turns blue cobalt chloride paper pink
    or
    -Boils at 100 °C, melts at 0°C
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13
Q

How is water treated?

A

(Know process diagram)
Chlorine - kills bacteria
Fluoride - helps fight tooth decay

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14
Q

What is the composition of air?

A

78% nitrogen
21% oxygen
1% other gases

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15
Q

How do I extract oxygen and nitrogen from the air?

A

Fractional distillation

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16
Q

What are common pollutants in the air?

A 
Carbon dioxide CO2
Carbon monoxide CO
Sulphur dioxide SO2
Nitrogen oxides NO and NO2
Lead compounds
17
Q

What are the effects of pollutants?

A

Breathing problems
Brain diseases
Kills animals and plants
Acid rain

18
Q

What are catalytic converters and why are they important?

A

(Catalysts: help speed up reactions)

Catalytic converters: convert poisonous gases from car engines into other gases.

19
Q

What are catalytic converters made of?

A

Transition metals:
platinum
palladium
rhodium

20
Q

Equations in a catalytic converter

A

Reduced: 2NO (g) —> N2(g) + 02(g)
nitrogen monoxide —> nitrogen + oxygen

Oxidised: 2CO(g) + O2 —> 2CO2(g)
carbon monoxide + oxygen —> carbon dioxide

21
Q

Why does a catalytic converter have honeycomb shapes inside?

A

it increases surface area, increasing also the rate of reaction

22
Q

what is the Haber process?what are the conditions?

A

It makes ammonia (NH3)
Made in 450°C, 200 atmospheres

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

23
Q

What is Contact process? What are the conditions?

A

Makes sulphuric acid
450*C, less than 2 atmospheres

S(s) + 02(g) —> SO2 (g)

24
Q

What is needed for iron to rust? Equation?

A

water, iron, air
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + H2O(l) —>2Fe2O3.H2O(s)
iron + oxygen + water —> hydrated iron (III) oxide (or rust)

25
Q

How do you protect iron from rust?

A
  1. Coat metal to keep air out (paint, grease, or another metal steel zinc, tin, chromiun)
  2. Sacrificial protection (something else more reactive so that it rusts instead of the iron)
26
Q

Equation: ammonium sulphate and lithium hydroxide

A

(NH4) SO4 + Ca(OH)2 —> CaSO4 + 2H2O + 2HN3

27
Q

Equation: ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide

A

NH4Cl + CaOH —> NH3 + H2O + NaCa

28
Q

Equation: ammonium nitrate and magnesium hydroxide

A

2NH4NO3 + Mg(OH)2 —> 2NH3 + 2H2O + Mg(NO3)2

29
Q

EQUATIONS

A

Catalytic converter:

r: 2NO —> N2 + O2
o: 2CO + O2 —2C02

Rust: 4Fe + 3O2 + 2H2O —> 2(Fe)2O3. H2O

Contact: S + O2 —> SO2
Haber: N2 + 3H2 —> 2NH3

IGCSE Science (13 decks)

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