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IGCSE Science > 4 Biology - Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

4 Biology - Animal Nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is nutrition?

A

set of processes the organism uses to provide itself with food

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2
Q

where do reactions of chemical substances take place?

A

cytoplasm

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3
Q

what are carbohydrates for?

A

energy source for respiration

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4
Q

what are proteins for?

A

growth and repair

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5
Q

what are lipids for?

A

energy

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6
Q

what are the two types of carbohydrates?

A

simple (sugar)

complex (glucose)

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7
Q

how does a glucose molecule look like?

A

hexagon

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8
Q

what are carbohydrates made up of?

A

elements:
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen

carbs are made up of glucose units in a long chain

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9
Q

what are proteins made up of?

A

elements:
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen

proteins are made up of amino acids

they make up the structure of cells

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10
Q

what are lipids made up of?

A

glycerol
fatty acids

lipids are fats and oils

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11
Q

what is cytoplasm made of?

A

salts and water

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12
Q

what is the food test for carbohydrates (simple sugars)?

(shelock holmes)

A

benedict’s test

goes from purple to orange

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13
Q

what is the food test for carbohydrates (complex-starch)?

A

iodine solution

becomes purple/black

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14
Q

what is the food test for proteins?

A

biuret test

becomes purple for positive result

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15
Q

what test is used to detect lipids -oils?

A

ethanol test

cloudy white suspension

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16
Q

what test is used to detect lipids -fats?

A

brown paper test

leaves translucent spots on brown paper

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17
Q

why is it important to have a balanced diet?

A

important for:

  • immune system
  • development/growth
  • enzymes
  • respiration

unbalanced diet may cause:

  • diseases (ex diabetes)
  • obesity
  • malnutrition
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18
Q

what do you get if you have a lack of vitamin C?

A

scurvy

makes your gums bleed

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19
Q

what do you get if you have alack of vitamin D?

A

rickets

bones become weak and may bend

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20
Q

what do you get if you have a lack of vitamin A?

A

poor night vision

21
Q

what do you get if you have a lack of vitamin B?

A

beri-beri

disease that can affect heart function, damage nerves, and lead to loss of muscle strength

22
Q

what do you get if you have iron deficiency?

A

anaemia

decrease in amount of red blood cells
you become weak

23
Q

what do you get if you have protein deficiency?

A

kwashiorkor

causes children to have bloated belly

24
Q

what do you get if you have calcium deficiency?

A

makes bones/teeth weak

25
Q 
function of:
mouth
A

where food enters

bolus of food is created by teeth, tongue, & saliva during mastication

26
Q 
function of:
salivary glands
A

produce saliva

pours it through salivary duct to the mouth

27
Q 
function of:
epiglottis
A

flop of muscle which closes the entry to the trachea during swallowing

28
Q 
function of:
oesophagus
A

muscular tubes which helps food move down by peristalsis

29
Q 
function of:
stomach
A

stores food for short time mixes it with acidic digestive juice to form a creamy liquid called chyme

PH2

30
Q 
function of:
duodenum
A

semi-liquid food is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile

31
Q 
function of:
large intestine
A

reabsorbs water

32
Q 
function of:
lleum
A

longest part of small intestine

digested food is absorbed into blood and lymphatic system

33
Q 
function of:
liver
A
  • produces bile
  • sorts out digested food molecules
  • all foods absorbed into villi are sent to the liver first by the hepatic portal vein
  • makes sure tissues receive exactly what they need
34
Q 
function of:
pancreas
A

produces pancreatic juice which is poured into small intestine

35
Q 
function of:
gall bladder
A

stores bile

36
Q 
function of:
bile
A

helps neutralise acidic chyme in liver

37
Q 
function of:
pancreatic juice
A

contains enzymes

helps neutralise acidic chyme in liver

38
Q 
function of
rectum
A

stores feces

39
Q 
function of
enzymes
A

digest food

40
Q

what is digested in the mouth?

A

salivary amylase (carbohydrase) turns starch into maltose (2 glucose molecules)

41
Q

what is digested in the stomach?

A

protease turns proteins into peptides(2 amino acids)

42
Q

what is digested in the duodenum?

A

fats are emulsified

pancreatic juice turns peptides into amino acids

43
Q

what is the function of fat on our bodies?

A
  • valuable as a energy sore because they are insoluble in water
  • provide electrical and thermal insulation
  • makes hormones
44
Q

describe the ingestion process

A

teeth and tongue break food into small pieces –> mastication–> mechanical digestion

saliva has enzymes that break down molecules
amylase = starch > maltose

saliva also lubricates the oesophagus so that food can travel down

food travels down the oesophagus by peristalsis

45
Q

describe the digestion process

A

– food is stored in stomach which is filled with acids –> mechanical and chemical digestion

pepsin = proteins > peptides

– in the duodenum be & pancreatic juice break down food and neutralise acids

maltose > glucose
peptides > amino acids
lipase = fats are emulsified

46
Q

describe the absorption process

A

food enters the small intestine (lleum), nutrients absorbed

large intestine absorbs water

indigestible substance are stored in the rectum

exit in the anus

47
Q

why is the intestine surrounded with vili?

A

because it increases surface area, increasing the absorption

48
Q

from front to back, what are the teeth called?

A

incisors, canine, premolars, molars

49
Q

how do teeth decay?

A

sugar is used by bacteria to carry out their life processes
plague builds up and converts sugars into acids
acids remove enamel
bacteria reach deeper into teeth

IGCSE Science (13 decks)

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