4 Biology - Animal Nutrition Flashcards
what is nutrition?
set of processes the organism uses to provide itself with food
where do reactions of chemical substances take place?
cytoplasm
what are carbohydrates for?
energy source for respiration
what are proteins for?
growth and repair
what are lipids for?
energy
what are the two types of carbohydrates?
simple (sugar)
complex (glucose)
how does a glucose molecule look like?
hexagon
what are carbohydrates made up of?
elements:
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
carbs are made up of glucose units in a long chain
what are proteins made up of?
elements:
carbon
oxygen
nitrogen
proteins are made up of amino acids
they make up the structure of cells
what are lipids made up of?
glycerol
fatty acids
lipids are fats and oils
what is cytoplasm made of?
salts and water
what is the food test for carbohydrates (simple sugars)?
(shelock holmes)
benedict’s test
goes from purple to orange
what is the food test for carbohydrates (complex-starch)?
iodine solution
becomes purple/black
what is the food test for proteins?
biuret test
becomes purple for positive result
what test is used to detect lipids -oils?
ethanol test
cloudy white suspension
what test is used to detect lipids -fats?
brown paper test
leaves translucent spots on brown paper
why is it important to have a balanced diet?
important for:
- immune system
- development/growth
- enzymes
- respiration
unbalanced diet may cause:
- diseases (ex diabetes)
- obesity
- malnutrition
what do you get if you have a lack of vitamin C?
scurvy
makes your gums bleed
what do you get if you have alack of vitamin D?
rickets
bones become weak and may bend
what do you get if you have a lack of vitamin A?
poor night vision
what do you get if you have a lack of vitamin B?
beri-beri
disease that can affect heart function, damage nerves, and lead to loss of muscle strength
what do you get if you have iron deficiency?
anaemia
decrease in amount of red blood cells
you become weak
what do you get if you have protein deficiency?
kwashiorkor
causes children to have bloated belly
what do you get if you have calcium deficiency?
makes bones/teeth weak
function of: mouth
where food enters
bolus of food is created by teeth, tongue, & saliva during mastication
function of: salivary glands
produce saliva
pours it through salivary duct to the mouth
function of: epiglottis
flop of muscle which closes the entry to the trachea during swallowing
function of: oesophagus
muscular tubes which helps food move down by peristalsis
function of: stomach
stores food for short time mixes it with acidic digestive juice to form a creamy liquid called chyme
PH2
function of: duodenum
semi-liquid food is mixed with pancreatic juice and bile
function of: large intestine
reabsorbs water
function of: lleum
longest part of small intestine
digested food is absorbed into blood and lymphatic system
function of: liver
- produces bile
- sorts out digested food molecules
- all foods absorbed into villi are sent to the liver first by the hepatic portal vein
- makes sure tissues receive exactly what they need
function of: pancreas
produces pancreatic juice which is poured into small intestine
function of: gall bladder
stores bile
function of: bile
helps neutralise acidic chyme in liver
function of: pancreatic juice
contains enzymes
helps neutralise acidic chyme in liver
function of rectum
stores feces
function of enzymes
digest food
what is digested in the mouth?
salivary amylase (carbohydrase) turns starch into maltose (2 glucose molecules)
what is digested in the stomach?
protease turns proteins into peptides(2 amino acids)
what is digested in the duodenum?
fats are emulsified
pancreatic juice turns peptides into amino acids
what is the function of fat on our bodies?
- valuable as a energy sore because they are insoluble in water
- provide electrical and thermal insulation
- makes hormones
describe the ingestion process
teeth and tongue break food into small pieces –> mastication–> mechanical digestion
saliva has enzymes that break down molecules
amylase = starch > maltose
saliva also lubricates the oesophagus so that food can travel down
food travels down the oesophagus by peristalsis
describe the digestion process
– food is stored in stomach which is filled with acids –> mechanical and chemical digestion
pepsin = proteins > peptides
– in the duodenum be & pancreatic juice break down food and neutralise acids
maltose > glucose
peptides > amino acids
lipase = fats are emulsified
describe the absorption process
food enters the small intestine (lleum), nutrients absorbed
large intestine absorbs water
indigestible substance are stored in the rectum
exit in the anus
why is the intestine surrounded with vili?
because it increases surface area, increasing the absorption
from front to back, what are the teeth called?
incisors, canine, premolars, molars
how do teeth decay?
sugar is used by bacteria to carry out their life processes
plague builds up and converts sugars into acids
acids remove enamel
bacteria reach deeper into teeth
